day 71 Django基础六之ORM

entries = Entry.objects.select_for_update().filter(author=request.user)  #加互斥锁，由于mysql在查询时自动加的是共享锁，所以我们可以手动加上互斥锁。create、update、delete操作时，mysql自动加行级互斥锁

class LockingManager(models.Manager):
    """ Add lock/unlock functionality to manager.

    Example::

        class Job(models.Model): #其实不用这么负载，直接在orm创建表的时候，给这个表定义一个lock和unlock方法，借助django提供的connection模块来发送锁表的原生sql语句和解锁的原生sql语句就可以了，不用外层的这个LckingManager(model.Manager)类

            manager = LockingManager()

            counter = models.IntegerField(null=True, default=0)

            @staticmethod
            def do_atomic_update(job_id)
                ''' Updates job integer, keeping it below 5 '''
                try:
                    # Ensure only one HTTP request can do this update at once.
                    Job.objects.lock()

                    job = Job.object.get(id=job_id)
                    # If we don't lock the tables two simultanous
                    # requests might both increase the counter
                    # going over 5
                    if job.counter < 5:
                        job.counter += 1                                        
                        job.save()

                finally:
                    Job.objects.unlock()


    """    

    def lock(self):
        """ Lock table. 

        Locks the object model table so that atomic update is possible.
        Simulatenous database access request pend until the lock is unlock()'ed.

        Note: If you need to lock multiple tables, you need to do lock them
        all in one SQL clause and this function is not enough. To avoid
        dead lock, all tables must be locked in the same order.

        See http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/lock-tables.html
        """
        cursor = connection.cursor()
        table = self.model._meta.db_table
        logger.debug("Locking table %s" % table)
        cursor.execute("LOCK TABLES %s WRITE" % table)
        row = cursor.fetchone()
        return row

    def unlock(self):
        """ Unlock the table. """
        cursor = connection.cursor()
        table = self.model._meta.db_table
        cursor.execute("UNLOCK TABLES")
        row = cursor.fetchone()
        return row  

DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
        'NAME': 'mxshop',
        'HOST': '127.0.0.1',
        'PORT': '3306',
        'USER': 'root',
        'PASSWORD': '123',
        'OPTIONS': {
            "init_command": "SET default_storage_engine='INNODB'",
　　　　　　　#'init_command': "SET sql_mode='STRICT_TRANS_TABLES'", #配置开启严格sql模式


        }
        "ATOMIC_REQUESTS": True, #全局开启事务，绑定的是http请求响应整个过程
        "AUTOCOMMIT":False, #全局取消自动提交，慎用
    }，
　　'other':{
　　　　'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql', 
            ......
　　} #还可以配置其他数据库

}

from django.db import transaction

@transaction.non_atomic_requests
def my_view(request):
    do_stuff()

@transaction.non_atomic_requests(using='other')
def my_other_view(request):
    do_stuff_on_the_other_database()

from django.db import transaction

@transaction.atomic
def viewfunc(request):
    # This code executes inside a transaction.
    do_stuff()

from django.db import transaction

def viewfunc(request):
    # This code executes in autocommit mode (Django's default).
    do_stuff()

    with transaction.atomic():   #保存点
        # This code executes inside a transaction.
        do_more_stuff()

    do_other_stuff()

from django.db import IntegrityError, transaction

@transaction.atomic
def viewfunc(request):
    create_parent()

    try:
        with transaction.atomic():
            generate_relationships()
    except IntegrityError:
        handle_exception()

    add_children()

from django.db import IntegrityError, transaction

@transaction.atomic
def viewfunc(request):
    create_parent()

    try:
        with transaction.atomic():
            generate_relationships()
　　　　　　　#other_task()  #还要注意一点，如果你在事务里面写了别的操作，只有这些操作全部完成之后，事务才会commit，也就是说，如果你这个任务是查询上面更改的数据表里面的数据，那么看到的还是事务提交之前的数据。
    except IntegrityError:
        handle_exception()

    add_children()

尽量不要在atomic代码块中捕获异常

  因为当atomic块中的代码执行完的时候，Django会根据代码正常运行来执行相应的提交或者回滚操作。如果在atomic代码块里面捕捉并处理了异常，就有可能隐盖代码本身的错误，从而可能会有一些意料之外的不愉快事情发生。

  担心主要集中在DatabaseError和它的子类（如IntegrityError）。如果这种异常真的发生了，事务就会被破坏掉，而Django会在代码运行完后执行回滚操作。如果你试图在回滚前执行一些数据库操作，Django会抛出TransactionManagementError。通常你会在一个ORM相关的信号处理器抛出异常时遇到这个行为。

捕获异常的正确方式正如上面atomic代码块所示。如果有必要，添加额外的atomic代码块来做这件事情，也就是事务嵌套。这么做的好处是：当异常发生时，它能明确地告诉你那些操作需要回滚，而那些是不需要的。

def example_view(request):
    tag = False
    with transaction.atomic():
        tag = True
        change_obj() # 修改对象变量
        obj.save()
        raise DataError
    print("tag = ",tag) #结果是True，也就是说在事务中的python变量赋值，即便是事务回滚了，这个赋值也是成功的

@transaction.atomic
def viewfunc(request):

  a.save()
  # open transaction now contains a.save()
  sid = transaction.savepoint()  #创建保存点

  b.save()
  # open transaction now contains a.save() and b.save()

  if want_to_keep_b:
      transaction.savepoint_commit(sid) #提交保存点
      # open transaction still contains a.save() and b.save()
  else:
      transaction.savepoint_rollback(sid)  #回滚保存点
      # open transaction now contains only a.save()

  transaction.commit() #手动提交事务，默认是自动提交的，也就是说如果你没有设置取消自动提交，那么这句话不用写，如果你配置了那个AUTOCOMMIT=False，那么就需要自己手动进行提交。

@transaction.atomic ## 轻松开启事务
def handle(self):
    ## 测试是否存在此用户
    try:
        ## 锁定被查询行直到事务结束
        user = 
    User.objects.select_for_update().get(open_id=self.user.open_id)
        #other sql 语句
    except User.DoesNotExist:
        raise BaseError(-1, 'User does not exist.')
    

import os

if __name__ == '__main__':
    os.environ.setdefault("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE", "BMS.settings")
    import django
    django.setup()

    import datetime
    from app01 import models

    try:
        from django.db import transaction
        with transaction.atomic():
            new_publisher = models.Publisher.objects.create(name="火星出版社")
            models.Book.objects.create(title="橘子物语", publish_date=datetime.date.today(), publisher_id=10)  # 指定一个不存在的出版社id
    except Exception as e:
        print(str(e))