1.线程: 一个进程可以有多个线程,共享一个进程的资源;
2.进程线程的区别:
进程是资源分配的最小单位,线程是程序执行的最小单位
3.python中线程模块threading, 提供的类: Thread, Lock, Rlock, Semaphore, Event, 等等
4.线程的创建方式
# 第一种
# from threading import Thread
# def f1(s):
# print('我是%s' % s)
# def f2(s):
# print('我是%s' % s)
#
# if __name__ == '__main__':
# t = Thread(target=f1, args=(1,))
# t1 = Thread(target=f1, args=(2,))
# t.start()
# t1.start()
# print('我是主线程')
# 第二种
from threading import Thread
class MyThread(Thread):
def __init__(self, name):
super().__init__()
self.name = name
def run(self):
print('%s今天还是不能皮' % self.name)
if __name__ == '__main__':
t = MyThread('Jerry')
t.start()
print('主线程')
6.查看线程的进程id(同进程查看方式一样)
import os
from threading import Thread
def f1(n):
print('1号', os.getpid())
print('%s号线程任务' % n)
def f2(n):
print('2号', os.getpid())
print('%s号线程任务' % n)
if __name__ == '__main__':
t1 = Thread(target=f1, args=(1,))
t2 = Thread(target=f2, args=(2,))
t1.start()
t2.start()
print('主线程', os.getpid())
print('主线程')
7. 在进程之间数据是空间隔离的, 而在线程中是数据共享的
import time
from threading import Thread
# 通过对全局变量的修改来验证线程之间是数据共享的, 共享同一进程中的数据
num = 100
def f1():
time.sleep(3)
global num
num = 3
print('子线程的num', num)
if __name__ == '__main__':
t = Thread(target=f1)
t.start()
t.join() # 等待子线程运行结束才继续向下执行
print('主线程的num', num)
8.多进程和多线程的效率对比
对于io密集型的, 多线程的时间较快
def f1():
time.sleep(1) #io密集型
if __name__ == '__main__':
# 查看一下20个线程执行20个任务的执行时间
t_s_time = time.time()
t_list = []
for i in range(5):
t = Thread(target=f1,)
t.start()
t_list.append(t)
[tt.join() for tt in t_list]
t_e_time = time.time()
t_dif_time = t_e_time - t_s_time
# 查看一下20个进程执行同样的任务的执行时间
p_s_time = time.time()
p_list = []
for i in range(5):
p = Process(target=f1,)
p.start()
p_list.append(p)
[pp.join() for pp in p_list]
p_e_time = time.time()
p_dif_time = p_e_time - p_s_time
print('多线程的执行时间:', t_dif_time)
print('多jincheng的执行时间:', p_dif_time)
计算型:
import time
from threading import Thread
from multiprocessing import Process
def f1():
# 计算型:
n = 10
for i in range(10000000):
n = n + i
if __name__ == '__main__':
# 查看一下20个线程执行20个任务的执行时间
t_s_time = time.time()
t_list = []
for i in range(5):
t = Thread(target=f1,)
t.start()
t_list.append(t)
[tt.join() for tt in t_list]
t_e_time = time.time()
t_dif_time = t_e_time - t_s_time
# 查看一下20个进程执行同样的任务的执行时间
p_s_time = time.time()
p_list = []
for i in range(5):
p = Process(target=f1,)
p.start()
p_list.append(p)
[pp.join() for pp in p_list]
p_e_time = time.time()
p_dif_time = p_e_time - p_s_time
print('多线程的执行时间:', t_dif_time)
print('多jincheng的执行时间:', p_dif_time)
9.锁,同步,互斥锁 为了保护多线成中数据的完整性和线程间状态的同步.(同进程的锁一样)
在线程锁中, 会产生死锁现象. 同时抢锁
import time
from threading import Thread, Lock, RLock
def f1(locA, locB):
# print('xxxx')
# time.sleep(0.1)
locA.acquire()
print('f1>>1号抢到了A锁')
time.sleep(1)
locB.acquire()
print('f1>>1号抢到了B锁')
locB.release()
locA.release()
def f2(locA, locB):
print('22222')
time.sleep(0.1)
locB.acquire()
print('f2>>2号抢到了B锁')
locA.acquire()
time.sleep(1)
print('f2>>2号抢到了A锁')
locA.release()
locB.release()
if __name__ == '__main__':
locA = Lock()
locB = Lock()
t1 = Thread(target=f1, args=(locA, locB))
t2 = Thread(target=f2, args=(locA, locB))
t1.start()
t2.start()
递归锁解决了 死锁现象
import time
from threading import Thread, Lock, RLock
def f1(locA, locB):
print('xxxxx')
time.sleep(0.1)
locA.acquire()
print('f1>>>1号抢到了A锁')
time.sleep(1)
locB.acquire()
print('f1>>>2号抢到了B锁')
locB.release()
locA.release()
def f2(locA, locB):
print('22222')
time.sleep(0.1)
locB.acquire()
print('f2>>>1号抢到了A锁')
time.sleep(1)
locA.acquire()
print('f2>>>2号抢到了B锁')
locA.release()
locB.release()
if __name__ == '__main__':
locA = locB = RLock()
t1 = Thread(target=f1, args=(locA, locB))
t2 = Thread(target=f2, args=(locB, locA))
t1.start()
t2.start()
10.多线程的程序不结束 和 多进程的程序不结束的区别
守护进程:主进程代码执行运行结束,守护进程随之结束
守护线程:守护线程会等待所有非守护线程运行结束才结束
import time
from threading import Thread
from multiprocessing import Process
# 守护进程:主进程代码执行运行结束,守护进程随之结束
# 守护线程:守护线程会等待所有非守护线程运行结束才结束
def f1():
time.sleep(2)
print('一号线程')
def f2():
time.sleep(3)
print('二号线程')
def f3():
time.sleep(2)
print('一号进程')
def f4():
time.sleep(3)
print('二号进程')
if __name__ == '__main__':
# t1 = Thread(target=f1,)
# t2 = Thread(target=f2,)
# # t1.daemon = True # 等非守护线程结束,守护线程才会结束 结果: 主线程结束 一号线程 二号线程
# t2.daemon = True # 结果: 主线程结束 一号线程
# t1.start()
# t2.start()
# print('主线程结束')
p1 = Process(target=f3,)
p2 = Process(target=f4,)
# p1.daemon = True # 结果: 主进程 二号线程
p2.daemon= True # 结果: 主进程 一号线程
p1.start()
p2.start()
print('主进程')
11. GIL锁 : cpython解释器上的一把互斥锁, Python解释器由于设计时有GIL全局锁,导致了多线程无法利用多核
Python虽然不能利用多线程实现多核任务,但可以通过多进程实现多核任务。多个Python进程有各自独立的GIL锁,互不影响。