更改MySQL数据库的编码为utf8mb4问题

2024-04-02 19:55

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java.sql.SQLException: Incorrect string value: ‘\xF0\x9F\x92\x94’ for column ‘name’ at row 1
at com.mysql.jdbc.SQLError.createSQLException(SQLError.java:1073)
at com.mysql.jdbc.MysqlIO.checkErrorPacket(MysqlIO.java:3593)
at com.mysql.jdbc.MysqlIO.checkErrorPacket(MysqlIO.java:3525)
at com.mysql.jdbc.MysqlIO.sendCommand(MysqlIO.java:1986)
at com.mysql.jdbc.MysqlIO.sqlQueryDirect(MysqlIO.java:2140)
at com.mysql.jdbc.ConnectionImpl.execSQL(ConnectionImpl.java:2620)
at com.mysql.jdbc.StatementImpl.executeUpdate(StatementImpl.java:1662)
at com.mysql.jdbc.StatementImpl.executeUpdate(StatementImpl.java:1581)

可以对4字节的字符进行编码存储，然后取出来的时候，再进行解码。但是这样做会使得任何使用该字符的地方都要进行编码与解码。

为了支持完整的utf-8编码，mysql推出了utf8mb4，它是mysql平台上utf8编码的超集，兼容utf8，并且能存储4字节的表情字符。

采用utf8mb4编码的好处是：存储与获取数据的时候，不用再考虑表情字符的编码与解码问题。

更改数据库的编码为utf8mb4:

1. MySQL的版本

utf8mb4的最低mysql版本支持版本为5.5.3+，若不是，请升级到较新版本。

2. MySQL驱动

5.1.34可用,最低不能低于5.1.13

3. 修改MySQL配置文件

修改mysql配置文件my.cnf（Windows为my.ini）

my.cnf一般在/etc/mysql/my.cnf位置。找到后请在以下三部分里添加如下内容：

[client]
default-character-set = utf8mb4
[mysql]
default-character-set = utf8mb4
[mysqld]
character-set-client-handshake = FALSE
character-set-server = utf8mb4
collation-server = utf8mb4_unicode_ci
init_connect='SET NAMES utf8mb4'

4. 重启数据库，检查变量

SHOW VARIABLES WHERE Variable_name LIKE 'character_set_%' OR Variable_name LIKE 'collation%';

Variable_name	Value
character_set_client	utf8mb4
character_set_connection	utf8mb4
character_set_database	utf8mb4
character_set_filesystem	binary
character_set_results	utf8mb4
character_set_server	utf8mb4
character_set_system	utf8
collation_connection	utf8mb4_unicode_ci
collation_database	utf8mb4_unicode_ci
collation_server	utf8mb4_unicode_ci

collation_connection 、collation_database 、collation_server是什么没关系。

但必须保证下面几个变量必须是utf8mb4。

系统变量	描述
character_set_client	(客户端来源数据使用的字符集)
character_set_connection	(连接层字符集)
character_set_database	(当前选中数据库的默认字符集)
character_set_results	(查询结果字符集)
character_set_server	(默认的内部操作字符集)

5. 数据库连接的配置

数据库连接参数中：

characterEncoding=utf8会被自动识别为utf8mb4，也可以不加这个参数，会自动检测。

而autoReconnect=true是必须加上的。

6. 将数据库和已经建好的表也转换成utf8mb4

更改数据库编码：

ALTER DATABASE caitu99 CHARACTER SET `utf8mb4` COLLATE `utf8mb4_general_ci`;

更改表编码：

ALTER TABLE `TABLE_NAME` CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET `utf8mb4` COLLATE `utf8mb4_general_ci`;

如有必要，还可以更改列的编码

可以写代码批量进行转换：

//获取所有表
Connection conn = null;

try {
    conn = DbUtilsTool.openConn("MySQL", "127.0.0.1", "3306", "caitu99", "root", "root");
    String sql = "show tables";
    QueryRunner qr = new QueryRunner();
    List<String> tblNameList= (List<String>) qr.query(conn, sql, new ColumnListHandler(1));
    sql = "ALTER DATABASE caitu99 CHARACTER SET `utf8mb4` COLLATE `utf8mb4_general_ci`";
    qr.update(conn,sql);
    for (String str:tblNameList)
    {
        sql = "ALTER TABLE "+str+" CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET `utf8mb4` COLLATE `utf8mb4_general_ci`";
        qr.update(conn,sql);
    }
}
catch (Exception e)
{
            e.printStackTrace();
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
finally {
    if(conn!=null) {
        try {
            conn.close();
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
   }
}

DbUtilsTool类：

package com.mysql.chartest;

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

import org.apache.commons.dbutils.BasicRowprocessor;
import org.apache.commons.dbutils.BeanProcessor;
import org.apache.commons.dbutils.QueryRunner;
import org.apache.commons.dbutils.handlers.ArrayHandler;
import org.apache.commons.dbutils.handlers.ArrayListHandler;
import org.apache.commons.dbutils.handlers.BeanHandler;
import org.apache.commons.dbutils.handlers.BeanListHandler;
import org.apache.commons.dbutils.handlers.ColumnListHandler;
import org.apache.commons.dbutils.handlers.KeyedHandler;
import org.apache.commons.dbutils.handlers.MapHandler;
import org.apache.commons.dbutils.handlers.MapListHandler;
import org.apache.commons.dbutils.handlers.ScalarHandler;

public class DbUtilsTool {
    private static final QueryRunner runner = new QueryRunner();

    
    public static Connection openConn(String type,      //数据库类型
                                      String host,      //主机ip
                                      String port,      //主机端口
                                      String name,      //数据库名
                                      String username,  //用户名
                                      String password)//密码
     {
        Connection conn = null;
        try {
            String driver;
            String url;
            if (type.equalsIgnoreCase("MySQL")) {
                driver = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";
                url = "jdbc:mysql://" + host + ":" + port + "/" + name;
            } else if (type.equalsIgnoreCase("Oracle")) {
                driver = "oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver";
                url = "jdbc:oracle:thin:@" + host + ":" + port + ":" + name;
            } else if (type.equalsIgnoreCase("SQLServer")) {
                driver = "com.microsoft.jdbc.sqlserver.SQLServerDriver";
                url = "jdbc:sqlserver://" + host + ":" + port + ";databaseName=" + name;
            } else {
                throw new RuntimeException();
            }
            Class.forName(driver);
            conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, username, password);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return conn;
    }

    
    public static void closeConn(Connection conn) {
        try {
            if (conn != null) {
                conn.close();
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    
    public static Object[] queryArray(Connection conn, String sql, Object... params) {
        Object[] result = null;
        try {
            result = runner.query(conn, sql, new ArrayHandler(), params);
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return result;
    }

    
    public static List<Object[]> queryArrayList(Connection conn, String sql, Object... params) {
        List<Object[]> result = null;
        try {
            result = runner.query(conn, sql, new ArrayListHandler(), params);
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return result;
    }

    
    public static Map<String, Object> queryMap(Connection conn, String sql, Object... params) {
        Map<String, Object> result = null;
        try {
            result = runner.query(conn, sql, new MapHandler(), params);
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return result;
    }

    
    public static List<Map<String, Object>> queryMapList(Connection conn, String sql, Object... params) {
        List<Map<String, Object>> result = null;
        try {
            result = runner.query(conn, sql, new MapListHandler(), params);
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return result;
    }

    
    public static <T> T queryBean(Class<T> cls, Map<String, String> map, Connection conn, String sql, Object... params) {
        T result = null;
        try {
            if (map != null) {
                result = runner.query(conn, sql, new BeanHandler<T>(cls, new BasicRowProcessor(new BeanProcessor(map))), params);
            } else {
                result = runner.query(conn, sql, new BeanHandler<T>(cls), params);
            }
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return result;
    }

    
    public static <T> List<T> queryBeanList(Class<T> cls, Map<String, String> map, Connection conn, String sql, Object... params) {
        List<T> result = null;
        try {
            if (map != null) {
                result = runner.query(conn, sql, new BeanListHandler<T>(cls, new BasicRowProcessor(new BeanProcessor(map))), params);
            } else {
                result = runner.query(conn, sql, new BeanListHandler<T>(cls), params);
            }
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return result;
    }

    
    public static <T> T queryColumn(String column, Connection conn, String sql, Object... params) {
        T result = null;
        try {
            result = runner.query(conn, sql, new ScalarHandler<T>(column), params);
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return result;
    }

    
    public static <T> List<T> queryColumnList(String column, Connection conn, String sql, Object... params) {
        List<T> result = null;
        try {
            result = runner.query(conn, sql, new ColumnListHandler<T>(column), params);
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return result;
    }

    
    public static <T> Map<T, Map<String, Object>> queryKeyMap(String column, Connection conn, String sql, Object... params) {
        Map<T, Map<String, Object>> result = null;
        try {
            result = runner.query(conn, sql, new KeyedHandler<T>(column), params);
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return result;
    }

    
    public static int update(Connection conn, String sql, Object... params) {
        int result = 0;
        try {
            result = runner.update(conn, sql, params);
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return result;
    }
}

以上为个人经验，希望能给大家一个参考，也希望大家多多支持我们。

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