Python画图之散点图（plt.scatter）

2023-10-05 22:54

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散点图的应用很广泛，以前介绍过很多画图方法：Python画图（直方图、多张子图、二维图形、三维图形以及图中图），漏掉了这个，现在补上，用法很简单，我们可以help(plt.scatter)看下它的用法：

Help on function scatter in module matplotlib.pyplot:scatter(x, y, s=None, c=None, marker=None, cmap=None, norm=None, vmin=None, vmax=None, alpha=None, linewidths=None, verts=None, edgecolors=None, hold=None, data=None, **kwargs)    Make a scatter plot of `x` vs `y`    Marker size is scaled by `s` and marker color is mapped to `c`    Parameters    ----------    x, y : array_like, shape (n, )        Input data    s : scalar or array_like, shape (n, ), optional        size in points^2.  Default is `rcParams['lines.markersize'] ** 2`.     c : color, sequence, or sequence of color, optional, default: 'b'              `c` can be a single color format string, or a sequence of color            specifications of length `N`, or a sequence of `N` numbers to be           mapped to colors using the `cmap` and `norm` specified via kwargs          (see below). Note that `c` should not be a single numeric RGB or           RGBA sequence because that is indistinguishable from an array of           values to be colormapped.  `c` can be a 2-D array in which the             rows are RGB or RGBA, however, including the case of a single              row to specify the same color for all points.    marker : `~matplotlib.markers.MarkerStyle`, optional, default: 'o'             See `~matplotlib.markers` for more information on the different            styles of markers scatter supports. `marker` can be either        an instance of the class or the text shorthand for a particular            marker.    cmap : `~matplotlib.colors.Colormap`, optional, default: None        A `~matplotlib.colors.Colormap` instance or registered name.               `cmap` is only used if `c` is an array of floats. If None,        defaults to rc `image.cmap`.    norm : `~matplotlib.colors.Normalize`, optional, default: None        A `~matplotlib.colors.Normalize` instance is used to scale        luminance data to 0, 1. `norm` is only used if `c` is an array of          floats. If `None`, use the default :func:`normalize`.    vmin, vmax : scalar, optional, default: None        `vmin` and `vmax` are used in conjunction with `norm` to normalize         luminance data.  If either are `None`, the min and max of the              color array is used.  Note if you pass a `norm` instance, your             settings for `vmin` and `vmax` will be ignored.    alpha : scalar, optional, default: None        The alpha blending value, between 0 (transparent) and 1 (opaque)       linewidths : scalar or array_like, optional, default: None        If None, defaults to (lines.linewidth,).    verts : sequence of (x, y), optional        If `marker` is None, these vertices will be used to        construct the marker.  The center of the marker is located        at (0,0) in normalized units.  The overall marker is rescaled              by ``s``.    edgecolors : color or sequence of color, optional, default: None               If None, defaults to 'face'        If 'face', the edge color will always be the same as        the face color.        If it is 'none', the patch boundary will not        be drawn.        For non-filled markers, the `edgecolors` kwarg        is ignored and forced to 'face' internally.    Returns    -------    paths : `~matplotlib.collections.PathCollection`    Other parameters    ----------------    kwargs : `~matplotlib.collections.Collection` properties    See Also    --------    plot : to plot scatter plots when markers are identical in size and            color    Notes    -----    * The `plot` function will be faster for scatterplots where markers          don't vary in size or color.    * Any or all of `x`, `y`, `s`, and `c` may be masked arrays, in which        case all masks will be combined and only unmasked points will be           plotted.      Fundamentally, scatter works with 1-D arrays; `x`, `y`, `s`, and `c`       may be input as 2-D arrays, but within scatter they will be      flattened. The exception is `c`, which will be flattened only if its       size matches the size of `x` and `y`.

我们可以看到参数比较多，平时主要用到的就是大小、颜色、样式这三个参数

s：形状的大小，默认 20，也可以是个数组，数组每个参数为对应点的大小，数值越大对应的图中的点越大。
c：形状的颜色，"b"：blue "g"：green "r"：red "c"：cyan(蓝绿色，青色) "m"：magenta(洋红色，品红色) "y"：yellow "k"：black "w"：white
marker：常见的形状有如下
"."：点 ","：像素点 "o"：圆形
"v"：朝下三角形 "^"：朝上三角形 "<"：朝左三角形 ">"：朝右三角形
"s"：正方形 "p"：五边星 "*"：星型
"h"：1号六角形 "H"：2号六角形

"+"：+号标记 "x"：x号标记
"D"：菱形 "d"：小型菱形
"|"：垂直线形 "_"：水平线形

我们来看几个示例(在一张图显示了)

import matplotlib.pyplot as pltimport numpy as npimport pandas as pdx=np.array([3,5])y=np.array([7,8])x1=np.random.randint(10,size=(25,))y1=np.random.randint(10,size=(25,))plt.scatter(x,y,c='r')plt.scatter(x1,y1,s=100,c='b',marker='*')#使用pandas来读取x2=[]y2=[]rdata=pd.read_table('1.txt',header=None)for i in range(len(rdata[0])):    x2.append(rdata[0][i].split(',')[0])    y2.append(rdata[0][i].split(',')[1])plt.scatter(x2,y2,s=200,c='g',marker='o')plt.show()