一篇文章让你搞清楚docker常用命令
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众所周知，docker 排查问题相较而言是困难的。因此，熟知一些常用命令对我们快速的排查定位问题是非常有帮助的。下面让我们一起来学习一下吧?
1、显示docker的系统信息
docker info
[root@xiao docker]# docker info
Client:
Context: default
Debug Mode: false
Plugins:
app: Docker App (Docker Inc., v0.9.1-beta3)
buildx: Build with BuildKit (Docker Inc., v0.6.1-docker)
scan: Docker Scan (Docker Inc.)
Server:
Containers: 8
Running: 5
Paused: 0
Stopped: 3
Images: 16
Server Version: 20.10.8
Storage Driver: overlay2
Backing Filesystem: extfs
Supports d_type: true
Native Overlay Diff: true
userxattr: false
Logging Driver: json-file
Cgroup Driver: cgroupfs
Cgroup Version: 1
Plugins:
Volume: local
Network: bridge host ipvlan macvlan null overlay
Log: awslogs fluentd gcplogs gelf journald json-file local logentries splunk syslog
Swarm: inactive
Runtimes: io.containerd.runc.v2 io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux runc
Default Runtime: runc
Init Binary: docker-init
containerd version: e25210fe30a0a703442421b0f60afac609f950a3
runc version: v1.0.1-0-g4144b63
init version: de40ad0
Security Options:
seccomp
Profile: default
Kernel Version: 3.10.0-1062.1.2.el7.x86_64
Operating System: CentOS Linux 7 (Core)
OSType: linux
Architecture: x86_64
CPUs: 1
Total Memory: 1.795GiB
Name: xiao
ID: SR3Y:RSZT:2ZAE:M33P:O2LT:55KN:A3XY:WE7V:QXJY:7Z32:M34L:NX7N
Docker Root Dir: /var/lib/docker
Debug Mode: false
Registry: https://index.docker.io/v1/
Labels:
Experimental: false
Insecure Registries:
127.0.0.0/8
Registry Mirrors:
https://4h8ex9ed.mirror.aliyuncs.com/
Live Restore Enabled: false
[root@xiao docker]#docker version #显示docker的版本信息
docker info #显示docker的系统信息，包括镜像和容器的数量
docker --help文档地址： https://docs.docker.com/reference/
port # 查看映射端口对应的容器内部源端口
pause # 暂停容器
ps # 容器列表
pull # 从docker镜像源服务器拉取指定镜像或者库镜像
push # 推送指定镜像或者库镜像至docker源服务器
restart # 重启运行的容器
rm # 移除一个或多个容器
rmi # 移除一个或多个镜像 （无容器使用该镜像才可删除，否则需要删除相关容器才可继续或 -f 强制删除）
run # 创建一个新的容器并运行一个命令
save # 保存一个镜像为一个 tar 包【对应 load】
search # 在 docker hub 中搜索镜像
start # 启动容器
stop # 停止容器
tag # 给源中镜像打标签
top # 查看容器中运行的进程信息
unpause # 取消暂停容器
version # 查看 docker版本号
wait # 截取容器停止时的退出状态值
attach # Attach to a running container #当前shell下attach连接指定运行镜像
build # Build an image from a Dockerfile #通过Dockerfile定制镜像
commit # Create a new image from a containers changes #提交当前容器为新的镜像
cp # Copy files/folders from a container to a HOSTDIR or to STDOUT #从容器中拷贝指定文件或者目录到宿主机中
create # Create a new container #创建一个新的容器，同run 但不启动容器
diff # Inspect changes on a containers filesystem #查看docker容器变化
events # Get real time events from the server#从docker服务获取容器实时事件
exec # Run a command in a running container#在已存在的容器上运行命令
export # Export a containers filesystem as a tar archive #导出容器的内容流作为一个tar归档文件(对应import)
history # Show the history of an image #展示一个镜像形成历史
inspect # 查看容器详细信息
kill # kill 指定的容器2、镜像命令
docker images
docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
jenkins/jenkins latest ba8a0e5dc5cb 4 months ago 570MB
nginx latest d1a364dc548d 4 months ago 133MB
portainer/portainer latest 580c0e4e98b0 6 months ago 79.1MB
hello-world latest d1165f221234 6 months ago 13.3kB
# 解释
REPOSITORY: 镜像仓库源
TAG: 镜像版本信息
IMAGE ID: 镜像的ID
CREATED: 镜像的创建实际爱你
SIZE: 镜像的大小
可选参数
docker images
-a : (--all) 列出所有镜像
-q : (--quiet) 只显示镜像ID2.1、搜索镜像
docker search [xxx]
docker search mysql
NAME DESCRIPTION STARS OFFICIAL AUTOMATED
mysql MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation… 11470 [OK]
mariadb MariaDB Server is a high performing open sou… 4354 [OK]
mysql/mysql-server Optimized MySQL Server Docker images. Create… 848 [OK]
percona Percona Server is a fork of the MySQL relati… 555 [OK]
phpmyadmin phpMyAdmin - A web interface for MySQL and M… 332 [OK]
centos/mysql-57-centos7 MySQL 5.7 SQL database server 91 [OK]
docker search mysql --filter=STARS=3000 # 搜索start数大于3000的
NAME DESCRIPTION STARS OFFICIAL AUTOMATED
mysql MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation… 11470 [OK]
mariadb MariaDB Server is a high performing open sou… 4354 [OK]2.2、拉取镜像
hub 搜索
docker pull 镜像名[:tag]
# eg
docker pull mysql
Using default tag: latest # 如果不写tag, 默认就是latest
latest: Pulling from library/mysql
a330b6cecb98: Pull complete # 分层下载，docker image 的核心 联合文件系统
9c8f656c32b8: Pull complete
88e473c3f553: Pull complete
062463ea5d2f: Pull complete
daf7e3bdf4b6: Pull complete
1839c0b7aac9: Pull complete
cf0a0cfee6d0: Pull complete
1b42041bb11e: Pull complete
10459d86c7e6: Pull complete
b7199599d5f9: Pull complete
1d6f51e17d45: Pull complete
50e0789bacad: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:99e0989e7e3797cfbdb8d51a19d32c8d286dd8862794d01a547651a896bcf00c # 签名
Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:latest
docker.io/library/mysql:latest # 真实地址
----
docker pull mysql
等价于
docker pull docker.io/library/mysql:latest
---
# 指定tag
docker pull mysql:5.7
5.7: Pulling from library/mysql
a330b6cecb98: Already exists # 联合文件系统，已存在的不再重复下载
9c8f656c32b8: Already exists
88e473c3f553: Already exists
062463ea5d2f: Already exists
daf7e3bdf4b6: Already exists
1839c0b7aac9: Already exists
cf0a0cfee6d0: Already exists
fae7a809788c: Pull complete # 下载不存在的
dae5a82a61f0: Pull complete
7063da9569eb: Pull complete
51a9a9b4ef36: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:d9b934cdf6826629f8d02ea01f28b2c4ddb1ae27c32664b14867324b3e5e1291
Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:5.7
docker.io/library/mysql:5.7
---
#查看
docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
mysql 5.7 1d7aba917169 3 weeks ago 448MB
mysql latest 0716d6ebcc1a 3 weeks ago 514MB
jenkins/jenkins latest ba8a0e5dc5cb 4 months ago 570MB
nginx latest d1a364dc548d 4 months ago 133MB
portainer/portainer latest 580c0e4e98b0 6 months ago 79.1MB
hello-world latest d1165f221234 6 months ago 13.3kB2.3、删除镜像
docker rmi -f [镜像名、镜像ID]
docker rmi -f [镜像名、镜像ID]
docker rmi -f 1d7aba917169
Untagged: mysql:5.7
Untagged: mysql@sha256:d9b934cdf6826629f8d02ea01f28b2c4ddb1ae27c32664b14867324b3e5e1291
Deleted: sha256:1d7aba9171693947d53f474014821972bf25d72b7d143ce4af4c8d8484623417
Deleted: sha256:94ebbead5c58282fef91cc7d0fb56e4006a72434b4a6ae2cd5be98f369cb8c21
Deleted: sha256:989da5efad29ec59bd536cd393d277bc777f8b9b34b8e3ad9593a4b0a83b40f4
Deleted: sha256:7457ee6817c678da3cb383d27a3d79d5f3f25fbcb92958d5e8d5709e7631e23c
Deleted: sha256:fe7dac53adebe33519b4e4fc577bfcddd7372cc313c35fae681fc82fb325fdc03、容器命令
有了镜像才可以创建容器，下载centos镜像进行学习
docker pull centos
3.1、新建容器并启动
docker run [可选参数] imageName/imageId
# 参数说明
--name "NAME" 容器名字，tomcat01, tomcat02, 用来区分容器
-d 后台方式运行
-i , -t #使用交互模式运行，可以进入容器查看内容
-p #指定容器端口 -p 8080
-p ip:主机端口:容器端口 -p 3344:80
-p 主机端口:容器端口 (常用)
-p 容器端口
容器端口
-P #随机指定端口3.2、启动容器，并进入容器
[root@iZm5e----- ~]# docker run -it centos /bin/bash
[root@c4a1504a9cf9 /]# ls #查看容器内的centos
bin dev etc home lib lib64 lost+found media mnt opt proc root run sbin srv sys tmp usr var
[root@c4a1504a9cf9 /]# exit # 退出容器
exit
[root@iZm5e----- ~]# 
CONTAINER ID c4a1504a9cf9
3.3、查看所有运行的容器
docker ps # 查看运行的容器 exit之后就停止了容器
docker ps -a # 查看所有运行过的以及在运行的容器
docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
c4a1504a9cf9 centos "/bin/bash" 7 minutes ago Exited (0) 3 minutes ago hungry_euler
dc0c5076048e hello-world "/hello" 2 months ago Exited (0) 2 months ago busy_cori
docker ps -a -n=[数字] # 最近创建的容器
docker ps -a -n=1
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
c4a1504a9cf9 centos "/bin/bash" 11 minutes ago Exited (0) 7 minutes ago hungry_euler3.4、退出容器
exit #容器停止并退出
ctrl + p + q #容器不停止退出3.5、删除容器
docker rm 容器ID # 删除指定容器 不能删除正在运行的容器
docker rm -f $(docker ps -aq) # 递归删除所有容器
docker ps -a -q|xargs docker rm # 删除所有容器3.6、启动和停止容器
docker start 容器ID # 启动容器
docker restart 容器ID # 重启容器
docker stop 容器ID # 停止当前正在运行的容器
docker kill 容器ID # 强制停止当前容器4、常用其它命令
4.1、后台运行容器
docker run -d centos
463f1dc43e444ff6b6d0efd3f0c5047e118ddf64deed3aea2a8b5a6c89df61bb
[root@iZm5e----- ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
[root@iZm5e----- ~]#发现后台运行的容器，停止了
❗ docker使用后台运行，就必须要有一个前台进程。否则，docker发现没有服务，就会自动停止?
4.2、查看日志
docker logs --help
#shell脚本造日志
docker run -d centos /bin/sh -c "while true;do echo xiao;sleep 1;done"
d5033adf13b49f537430fc19df9fe00b477301dfd3a2d9c287060c65c1a59d7b
[root@iZm5e----- ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
d5033adf13b4 centos "/bin/sh -c 'while t…" 5 seconds ago Up 4 seconds competent_jang
[root@iZm5e----- ~]#
#显示日志
docker logs -f -t --tail 10 d5033adf13b4
2021-09-27T07:05:08.800676670Z xiao
2021-09-27T07:05:09.803226803Z xiao
2021-09-27T07:05:10.806019019Z xiao
2021-09-27T07:05:11.809012200Z xiao
2021-09-27T07:05:12.811505073Z xiao
2021-09-27T07:05:13.817109532Z xiao
2021-09-27T07:05:14.819543508Z xiao
2021-09-27T07:05:15.822718210Z xiao
...
-tf #显示日志
--tail [数字] # 显示日志的条数4.3、查看容器中的进程信息 (ps - linux)
docker top命令
docker top 容器ID
docker top d5033adf13b4
UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD
root 29087 29069 0 15:01 ? 00:00:00 /bin/sh -c while true;do echo xiao;sleep 1;done
root 29908 29087 0 15:08 ? 00:00:00 /usr/bin/coreutils --coreutils-prog-shebang=sleep /usr/bin/sleep 1
[root@iZm5e----- ~]# 4.4、查看镜像的源数据
dockers inspect 命令
docker inspect d5033adf13b4
[
{
"Id": "d5033adf13b49f537430fc19df9fe00b477301dfd3a2d9c287060c65c1a59d7b",
"Created": "2021-09-27T07:01:42.833109605Z",
"Path": "/bin/sh",
"Args": [
"-c",
"while true;do echo xiao;sleep 1;done"
],
"State": {
"Status": "running",
"Running": true,
"Paused": false,
"Restarting": false,
"OOMKilled": false,
"Dead": false,
"Pid": 29087,
"ExitCode": 0,
"Error": "",
"StartedAt": "2021-09-27T07:01:43.288158158Z",
"FinishedAt": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
},
"Image": "sha256:5d0da3dc976460b72c77d94c8a1ad043720b0416bfc16c52c45d4847e53fadb6",
"ResolvConfPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/d5033adf13b49f537430fc19df9fe00b477301dfd3a2d9c287060c65c1a59d7b/resolv.conf",
"HostnamePath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/d5033adf13b49f537430fc19df9fe00b477301dfd3a2d9c287060c65c1a59d7b/hostname",
"HostsPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/d5033adf13b49f537430fc19df9fe00b477301dfd3a2d9c287060c65c1a59d7b/hosts",
"LogPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/d5033adf13b49f537430fc19df9fe00b477301dfd3a2d9c287060c65c1a59d7b/d5033adf13b49f537430fc19df9fe00b477301dfd3a2d9c287060c65c1a59d7b-json.log",
"Name": "/competent_jang",
"RestartCount": 0,
"Driver": "overlay2",
"Platform": "linux",
"MountLabel": "",
"ProcessLabel": "",
"AppArmorProfile": "",
"ExecIDs": null,
"HostConfig": {
"Binds": null,
"ContainerIDFile": "",
"LogConfig": {
"Type": "json-file",
"Config": {}
},
"NetworkMode": "default",
"PortBindings": {},
"RestartPolicy": {
"Name": "no",
"MaximumRetryCount": 0
},
"AutoRemove": false,
"VolumeDriver": "",
"VolumesFrom": null,
"CapAdd": null,
"CapDrop": null,
"CgroupnsMode": "host",
"Dns": [],
"DnsOptions": [],
"DnsSearch": [],
"ExtraHosts": null,
"GroupAdd": null,
"IpcMode": "private",
"Cgroup": "",
"Links": null,
"OomScoreAdj": 0,
"PidMode": "",
"Privileged": false,
"PublishAllPorts": false,
"ReadonlyRootfs": false,
"SecurityOpt": null,
"UTSMode": "",
"UsernsMode": "",
"ShmSize": 67108864,
"Runtime": "runc",
"ConsoleSize": [
0,
0
],
"Isolation": "",
"CpuShares": 0,
"Memory": 0,
"NanoCpus": 0,
"CgroupParent": "",
"BlkioWeight": 0,
"BlkioWeightDevice": [],
"BlkioDeviceReadBps": null,
"BlkioDeviceWriteBps": null,
"BlkioDeviceReadIOps": null,
"BlkioDeviceWriteIOps": null,
"CpuPeriod": 0,
"CpuQuota": 0,
"CpuRealtimePeriod": 0,
"CpuRealtimeRuntime": 0,
"CpusetCpus": "",
"CpusetMems": "",
"Devices": [],
"DeviceCgroupRules": null,
"DeviceRequests": null,
"KernelMemory": 0,
"KernelMemoryTCP": 0,
"MemoryReservation": 0,
"MemorySwap": 0,
"MemorySwappiness": null,
"OomKillDisable": false,
"PidsLimit": null,
"Ulimits": null,
"CpuCount": 0,
"CpuPercent": 0,
"IOMaximumIOps": 0,
"IOMaximumBandwidth": 0,
"MaskedPaths": [
"/proc/asound",
"/proc/acpi",
"/proc/kcore",
"/proc/keys",
"/proc/latency_stats",
"/proc/timer_list",
"/proc/timer_stats",
"/proc/sched_debug",
"/proc/scsi",
"/sys/firmware"
],
"ReadonlyPaths": [
"/proc/bus",
"/proc/fs",
"/proc/irq",
"/proc/sys",
"/proc/sysrq-trigger"
]
},
"GraphDriver": {
"Data": {
"LowerDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/9aec4e083e254075a863c62c5c54f7ad2d7321750b4384ff1e092e25c5dc257e-init/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/d6e4be0166eac21b08ff7e34bb088bd7488086c5fd04603879424af35f8e6190/diff",
"MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/9aec4e083e254075a863c62c5c54f7ad2d7321750b4384ff1e092e25c5dc257e/merged",
"UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/9aec4e083e254075a863c62c5c54f7ad2d7321750b4384ff1e092e25c5dc257e/diff",
"WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/9aec4e083e254075a863c62c5c54f7ad2d7321750b4384ff1e092e25c5dc257e/work"
},
"Name": "overlay2"
},
"Mounts": [],
"Config": {
"Hostname": "d5033adf13b4",
"Domainname": "",
"User": "",
"AttachStdin": false,
"AttachStdout": false,
"AttachStderr": false,
"Tty": false,
"OpenStdin": false,
"StdinOnce": false,
"Env": [
"PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
],
"Cmd": [
"/bin/sh",
"-c",
"while true;do echo xiao;sleep 1;done"
],
"Image": "centos",
"Volumes": null,
"WorkingDir": "",
"Entrypoint": null,
"OnBuild": null,
"Labels": {
"org.label-schema.build-date": "20210915",
"org.label-schema.license": "GPLv2",
"org.label-schema.name": "CentOS Base Image",
"org.label-schema.schema-version": "1.0",
"org.label-schema.vendor": "CentOS"
}
},
"NetworkSettings": {
"Bridge": "",
"SandboxID": "182c5e5a4f65a8c8ae6fffc733ef2ff02b9c7ea0e374331017cb651077fb77c6",
"HairpinMode": false,
"LinkLocalIPv6Address": "",
"LinkLocalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
"Ports": {},
"SandboxKey": "/var/run/docker/netns/182c5e5a4f65",
"SecondaryIPAddresses": null,
"SecondaryIPv6Addresses": null,
"EndpointID": "7dd5c90916bf7c472a88dc308498f198b59c9606c144c6d413b77ecc03e05cc1",
"Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
"GlobalIPv6Address": "",
"GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
"IPAddress": "172.17.0.2",
"IPPrefixLen": 16,
"IPv6Gateway": "",
"MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02",
"Networks": {
"bridge": {
"IPAMConfig": null,
"Links": null,
"Aliases": null,
"NetworkID": "feafa30d4051f24353508959bd420fd163ad0c98d6b30ec8ff13b59a59552bb1",
"EndpointID": "7dd5c90916bf7c472a88dc308498f198b59c9606c144c6d413b77ecc03e05cc1",
"Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
"IPAddress": "172.17.0.2",
"IPPrefixLen": 16,
"IPv6Gateway": "",
"GlobalIPv6Address": "",
"GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
"MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02",
"DriverOpts": null
}
}
}
}
]
[root@iZm5e----- ~]#4.5、进入当前正在运行的容器
4.5.1、docker exec -it 容器ID bashShell （常用）
docker exec -it d5033adf13b4 /bin/bash
[root@d5033adf13b4 /]# ls
bin dev etc home lib lib64 lost+found media mnt opt proc root run sbin srv sys tmp usr var
[root@d5033adf13b4 /]# ps -ef
UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD
root 1 0 0 07:01 ? 00:00:00 /bin/sh -c while true;do echo xiao;sleep 1;done
root 1895 0 0 07:33 pts/0 00:00:00 /bin/bash
root 1937 1 0 07:33 ? 00:00:00 /usr/bin/coreutils --coreutils-prog-shebang=sleep /usr/bin/sleep 1
root 1938 1895 0 07:33 pts/0 00:00:00 ps -ef
[root@d5033adf13b4 /]# 4.5.2、docker attach 容器ID
docker attach d5033adf13b4
xiao
xiao
xiao
xiao
xiao
...4.5.3、二者区别
docker exec # 进入容器后，开启一个新的终端，可以在里面操作
docker attach # 进入容器正在执行的终端，不会开启新的进程。
4.6、拷贝容器内文件到主机上
手动同步
docker cp 命令
docker cp 容器ID:容器内路径 目的主机路径
docker cp 2b7529b86ad0:/home/index.txt /home
[root@iZm5e----- ~]# ls
life mysql-community-release-el7-5.noarch.rpm study testSH work
[root@iZm5e----- ~]# cd /home/
[root@iZm5e----- home]# ls
index.txt jenkins test
[root@iZm5e----- home]# 
4.6.1、问题探索
?如何实现自动同步，打通容器和主机
这个问题下篇讲解?
4.7、查看cpu内存使用情况
docker stats
每秒刷新
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