ORACLE如何查看当前账号的相关信息总结

关于Oracle数据库的账号，我们在维护数据库的时候，偶尔可能需要获取一些特殊信息。例如，账号的创建时间、账号的状态、账号的锁定时间.....。正常情况下，我们可以通过DBA_USERS获取大部分相关信息。但是有一些特殊信息，还必须通过不常用底层基表sys.user$来获取。

SQL> DESC DBA_USERS;

 Name                                      Null?    Type

 ----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------

 USERNAME                                  NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)

 USER_ID                                   NOT NULL NUMBER

 PASSWORD                                           VARCHAR2(30)

 ACCOUNT_STATUS                            NOT NULL VARCHAR2(32)

 LOCK_DATE                                          DATE

 EXPIRY_DATE                                        DATE

 DEFAULT_TABLESPACE                        NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)

 TEMPORARY_TABLESPACE                      NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)

 CREATED                                   NOT NULL DATE

 PROFILE                                   NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)

 INITIAL_Rclass="lazy" data-src_CONSUMER_GROUP                        VARCHAR2(30)

 EXTERNAL_NAME                                      VARCHAR2(4000)

其实我们经常使用的DBA_USERS是同义词，对应SYS.DBA_USERS这个视图。如果你想查看SYS.DBA_USERS的定义，可以通过下面方式：

--ORACLE 10g

SQL>SELECT DBMS_METADATA.GET_DDL("VIEW", "DBA_USERS", "SYS") FROM DUAL;

 CREATE OR REPLACE FORCE VIEW "SYS"."DBA_USERS" (

  "USERNAME"

, "USER_ID"

, "PASSWORD"

, "ACCOUNT_STATUS"

, "LOCK_DATE"

, "EXPIRY_DATE"

, "DEFAULT_TABLESPACE"

, "TEMPORARY_TABLESPACE"

, "CREATED"

, "PROFILE"

, "INITIAL_Rclass="lazy" data-src_CONSUMER_GROUP"

, "EXTERNAL_NAME") AS 

  select u.name, u.user#, u.password,

       m.status,

       decode(u.astatus, 4, u.ltime,

                         5, u.ltime,

                         6, u.ltime,

                         8, u.ltime,

                         9, u.ltime,

                         10, u.ltime, to_date(NULL)),

       decode(u.astatus,

              1, u.exptime,

              2, u.exptime,

              5, u.exptime,

              6, u.exptime,

              9, u.exptime,

              10, u.exptime,

              decode(u.ptime, "", to_date(NULL),

                decode(pr.limit#, 2147483647, to_date(NULL),

                 decode(pr.limit#, 0,

                   decode(dp.limit#, 2147483647, to_date(NULL), u.ptime +

                     dp.limit#/86400),

                   u.ptime + pr.limit#/86400)))),

       dts.name, tts.name, u.ctime, p.name,

       nvl(cgm.consumer_group, "DEFAULT_CONSUMER_GROUP"),

       u.ext_username

       from sys.user$ u left outer join sys.resource_group_mapping$ cgm

            on (cgm.attribute = "ORACLE_USER" and cgm.status = "ACTIVE" and

                cgm.value = u.name),

            sys.ts$ dts, sys.ts$ tts, sys.profname$ p,

            sys.user_astatus_map m, sys.profile$ pr, sys.profile$ dp

       where u.datats# = dts.ts#

       and u.resource$ = p.profile#

       and u.tempts# = tts.ts#

       and u.astatus = m.status#

       and u.type# = 1

       and u.resource$ = pr.profile#

       and dp.profile# = 0

       and dp.type#=1

       and dp.resource#=1

       and pr.type# = 1

       and pr.resource# = 1

通过上面的视图定义，我们可以知道，大部分数据来自于底层基表sys.user$。关于表sys.user$的结构如下，我们可以从sql.bsq中可以看到sys.user$的定义。

SQL> DESC sys.user$

 Name                                      Null?    Type

 ----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------

 USER#                                     NOT NULL NUMBER

 NAME                                      NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)    

 TYPE#                                     NOT NULL NUMBER

 PASSWORD                                           VARCHAR2(30)

 DATATS#                                   NOT NULL NUMBER

 TEMPTS#                                   NOT NULL NUMBER

 CTIME                                     NOT NULL DATE

 PTIME                                              DATE

 EXPTIME                                            DATE

 LTIME                                              DATE

 RESOURCE$                                 NOT NULL NUMBER

 AUDIT$                                             VARCHAR2(38)

 DEFROLE                                   NOT NULL NUMBER

 DEFGRP#                                            NUMBER

 DEFGRP_SEQ#                                        NUMBER

 ASTATUS                                   NOT NULL NUMBER

 LCOUNT                                    NOT NULL NUMBER

 DEFSCHCLASS                                        VARCHAR2(30)

 EXT_USERNAME                                       VARCHAR2(4000)

 SPARE1                                             NUMBER

 SPARE2                                             NUMBER

 SPARE3                                             NUMBER

 SPARE4                                             VARCHAR2(1000)

 SPARE5                                             VARCHAR2(1000)

 SPARE6                                             DATE

其中，我们可以获取一下关键字段信息，具体如下

NAME         用户（User）或角色（Role）的名字 

TYPE#        0表示Role，1表示User

CTIME        用户的创建时间

PTIME        密码最后一次修改时间

EXPTIME      密码过期的时间

LTIME        账号最后一次锁定的时间

LCOUNT       用户登录失败次数。

下面我们简单测试验证一下，

SQL> CREATE USER TEST IDENTIFIED BY "Test#1232134$#3" DEFAULT TABLESPACE TBS_TEST_DATA TEMPORARY TABLESPACE  TEMP;

User created.

SQL> GRANT CONNECT TO TEST;

SQL> @get_user_info.sql

Session altered.

Enter value for user_name: TEST

old   9: WHERE NAME=("&USER_NAME")

new   9: WHERE NAME=("TEST")

NAME                                TYPE# CTIME               PTIME               EXPTIME             LTIME                   LCOUNT

------------------------------ ---------- ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- ----------

TEST                                    1 2021-06-10 14:10:01 2021-06-10 14:10:01                                                  0

SQL> ALTER USER TEST IDENTIFIED BY "kER124";

User altered.

SQL> @get_user_info.sql

Session altered.

Enter value for user_name: TEST

old   9: WHERE NAME=("&USER_NAME")

new   9: WHERE NAME=("TEST")

NAME                                TYPE# CTIME               PTIME               EXPTIME             LTIME                   LCOUNT

------------------------------ ---------- ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- ----------

TEST                                    1 2021-06-10 14:10:01 2021-06-10 14:10:50                                                  0

SQL> ALTER USER TEST ACCOUNT LOCK;

User altered.

SQL> @get_user_info.sql

Session altered.

Enter value for user_name: TEST

old   9: WHERE NAME=("&USER_NAME")

new   9: WHERE NAME=("TEST")

NAME                                TYPE# CTIME               PTIME               EXPTIME             LTIME                   LCOUNT

------------------------------ ---------- ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- ----------

TEST                                    1 2021-06-10 14:10:01 2021-06-10 14:10:50                     2021-06-10 14:11:27          0

SQL> 

其中get_user_info.sql的脚本如下

$ more get_user_info.sql 

ALTER SESSION SET NLS_DATE_FORMAT="YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS";

SELECT  NAME

      , TYPE#

      , CTIME

      , PTIME

      , EXPTIME

      , LTIME

      , LCOUNT

FROM user$

WHERE NAME=("&USER_NAME");

另外，我们来测试一下账号登录失败次数，在实验前先解锁账号，用错误的账号密码尝试登录数据库，你会发现LCOUNT就变成1了。

SQL> @get_user_info.sql

Session altered.

Enter value for user_name: TEST

old   9: WHERE NAME=("&USER_NAME")

new   9: WHERE NAME=("TEST")

NAME                                TYPE# CTIME               PTIME               EXPTIME             LTIME                   LCOUNT

------------------------------ ---------- ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- ----------

TEST                                    1 2021-06-10 14:10:01 2021-06-10 14:10:50                     2021-06-10 14:11:27          1

SQL> 

那么这个LCOUNT字段的值是一直累加到超过阈值锁定呢？还是中间会清零呢？什么情况下会清零呢？ 如果你使用正确的密码成功登录数据库后，你会发现LCOUNT的值就清零了。如下截图所示：

$ sqlplus /nolog

SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.4.0 - Production on Thu Jun 10 14:30:41 2021

Copyright (c) 1982, 2007, Oracle.  All Rights Reserved.

SQL> connect TEST

Enter password: 

Connected.

也就是说，只要你在锁定之前，一旦成功登录之后，该计数会被清零。在有些版本中，由于Bug，也会出现LCOUNT没有正确反映登录失败次数的情况，例如Lcount neither reset on correct login nor incremented after incorrect login thru JDBC (Doc ID 2675398.1)中记录了这样的Bug。另外，ORACLE 12C 后新增了一个功能，它会记录用户的最后一次登录时间：SPARE6字段记录用户的最后一次登录时间

参考资料：

https://www.eygle.com/archives/2009/07/profile_failed_login_attempts.html

https://dbaora.com/sys-user-table-in-oracle-last-password-change-time-last-locked-last-expired-creation-time-failed-logon/

Lcount neither reset on correct login nor incremented after incorrect login thru JDBC (Doc ID 2675398.1)

https://bijoos.com/oraclenotes/2013/153/