（20）Hibernate二级缓存
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1、二级缓存的知识
Hibernate提供的缓存：有一级缓存、二级缓存。 目的是为了减少对数据库的访问次数，提升程序执行效率！
一级缓存：基于Session的缓存，缓存内容只在当前session有效，session关闭，缓存内容失效！
特点：作用范围较小！ 缓存的时间短。缓存效果不明显。
二级缓存：
Hibernate提供了基于应用程序级别的缓存， 可以跨多个session，即不同的session都可以访问缓存数据。 这个缓存也叫二级缓存。
Hibernate提供的二级缓存有默认的实现，且是一种可插配的缓存框架！如果用户想用二级缓存，只需要在hibernate.cfg.xml中配置即可；不想用，直接移除，不影响代码。
如果用户觉得hibernate提供的框架不好用，可以换其他的缓存框架或自己实现缓存框架都可以。
下面的配置位于%hibernate%/project/etc/hibernate.properties中
##########################
### Second-level Cache ###
##########################
## disable the second-level cache 二级缓存默认不开启，需要手动开启
#hibernate.cache.use_second_level_cache false
## enable the query cache
#hibernate.cache.use_query_cache true 开启查询缓存
## choose a cache implementation 二级缓存框架的实现
#hibernate.cache.provider_class org.hibernate.cache.EhCacheProvider
#hibernate.cache.provider_class org.hibernate.cache.EmptyCacheProvider
hibernate.cache.provider_class org.hibernate.cache.HashtableCacheProvider
#hibernate.cache.provider_class org.hibernate.cache.TreeCacheProvider
#hibernate.cache.provider_class org.hibernate.cache.OSCacheProvider
#hibernate.cache.provider_class org.hibernate.cache.SwarmCacheProvider缓存的并发策略
<class-cache usage="read-only"/> 放入二级缓存的对象，只读;
<class-cache usage="nonstrict-read-write"/> 非严格的读写
<class-cache usage="read-write"/> 读写； 放入二级缓存的对象可以读、写；
<class-cache usage="transactional"/> (基于事务的策略)2、使用二级缓存
二级缓存，使用步骤
1)开启二级缓存
<property name="hibernate.cache.use_second_level_cache">true</property>2)指定缓存框架
<property name="hibernate.cache.provider_class">org.hibernate.cache.HashtableCacheProvider</property>3)指定那些类加入二级缓存
<!-- 指定哪一些类，需要加入二级缓存 -->
<class-cache usage="read-write" class="com.rk.hibernate.cache.Department"/>
<class-cache usage="read-write" class="com.rk.hibernate.cache.Employee"/>
<!-- 集合缓存[集合缓存的元素对象，也加加入二级缓存] -->
<collection-cache usage="read-write" collection="com.rk.hibernate.cache.Department.emps"/>4)测试二级缓存！
示例代码和配置
hibernate.cfg.xml
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-configuration PUBLIC
"-//Hibernate/Hibernate Configuration DTD 3.0//EN"
"http://www.hibernate.org/dtd/hibernate-configuration-3.0.dtd">
<hibernate-configuration>
<!-- 通常，一个session-factory节点代表一个数据库 -->
<session-factory>
<!-- 1. 数据库连接配置 -->
<property name="hibernate.connection.driver_class">com.mysql.jdbc.Driver</property>
<property name="hibernate.connection.url">jdbc:mysql:///test</property>
<property name="hibernate.connection.username">root</property>
<property name="hibernate.connection.password">root</property>
<!--
数据库方言配置， hibernate在运行的时候，会根据不同的方言生成符合当前数据库语法的sql
-->
<property name="hibernate.dialect">org.hibernate.dialect.MySQL5Dialect</property>
<!-- 2. 其他相关配置 -->
<!-- 2.1 显示hibernate在运行时候执行的sql语句 -->
<property name="hibernate.show_sql">true</property>
<!-- 2.2 格式化sql -->
<property name="hibernate.format_sql">false</property>
<!-- 2.3 自动建表 -->
<property name="hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto">update</property>
<!--****************** 【二级缓存配置】****************** -->
<!-- a. 开启二级缓存 -->
<property name="hibernate.cache.use_second_level_cache">true</property>
<!-- b. 指定使用哪一个缓存框架(默认提供的) -->
<property name="hibernate.cache.provider_class">org.hibernate.cache.HashtableCacheProvider</property>
<!-- 开启查询缓存 -->
<property name="hibernate.cache.use_query_cache">true</property>
<!-- c. 指定哪一些类，需要加入二级缓存 -->
<class-cache usage="read-write" class="com.rk.hibernate.cache.Department"/>
<class-cache usage="read-write" class="com.rk.hibernate.cache.Employee"/>
<!-- 集合缓存[集合缓存的元素对象，也加加入二级缓存] -->
<collection-cache usage="read-write" collection="com.rk.hibernate.cache.Department.emps"/>
</session-factory>
</hibernate-configuration>Department.java
package com.rk.hibernate.cache;
import java.util.Set;
public class Department
{
private int deptId;
private String deptName;
private Set<Employee> emps;
private int version;
public int getVersion()
{
return version;
}
public void setVersion(int version)
{
this.version = version;
}
public int getDeptId()
{
return deptId;
}
public void setDeptId(int deptId)
{
this.deptId = deptId;
}
public String getDeptName()
{
return deptName;
}
public void setDeptName(String deptName)
{
this.deptName = deptName;
}
public Set<Employee> getEmps()
{
return emps;
}
public void setEmps(Set<Employee> emps)
{
this.emps = emps;
}
@Override
public String toString()
{
return "Department [deptId=" + deptId + ", deptName=" + deptName + "]";
}
}Department.hbm.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC
"-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN"
"http://www.hibernate.org/dtd/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd">
<hibernate-mapping package="com.rk.hibernate.cache" auto-import="true">
<class name="Department" table="T_Department">
<!-- <cache usage="read-only"/> -->
<id name="deptId" column="id">
<generator class="native"></generator>
</id>
<version name="version" column="dept_version"></version>
<property name="deptName" column="name" type="string"></property>
<set name="emps" table="T_Employee">
<!-- <cache usage="read-only"/> -->
<key column="deptId"></key>
<one-to-many class="Employee"/>
</set>
</class>
</hibernate-mapping>
Employee.java
package com.rk.hibernate.cache;
public class Employee
{
private int empId;
private String empName;
private int salary;
private Department dept;
private int version;
public int getVersion()
{
return version;
}
public void setVersion(int version)
{
this.version = version;
}
public int getEmpId()
{
return empId;
}
public void setEmpId(int empId)
{
this.empId = empId;
}
public String getEmpName()
{
return empName;
}
public void setEmpName(String empName)
{
this.empName = empName;
}
public int getSalary()
{
return salary;
}
public void setSalary(int salary)
{
this.salary = salary;
}
public Department getDept()
{
return dept;
}
public void setDept(Department dept)
{
this.dept = dept;
}
@Override
public String toString()
{
return "Employee [empId=" + empId + ", empName=" + empName + ", salary=" + salary + "]";
}
}Employee.hbm.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC
"-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN"
"http://www.hibernate.org/dtd/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd">
<hibernate-mapping package="com.rk.hibernate.cache" auto-import="true">
<class name="Employee" table="T_Employee">
<!-- <cache usage="read-only"/> -->
<id name="empId" column="id">
<generator class="native"></generator>
</id>
<version name="version" column="emp_version"></version>
<property name="empName" column="name" type="string"></property>
<property name="salary" column="salary" type="int"></property>
<many-to-one name="dept" column="deptId" class="Department"></many-to-one>
</class>
</hibernate-mapping>App.java
package com.rk.hibernate.cache;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;
import org.hibernate.Query;
import org.hibernate.SQLQuery;
import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration;
import org.junit.Test;
public class App
{
private static SessionFactory sf;
static
{
sf = new Configuration()
.configure()
.addClass(Department.class)
.addClass(Employee.class)
.buildSessionFactory();
}
// 1. 测试二级缓存的使用
//思路：sesion本身提供了一级缓存，它是mandatory，不能关闭
//二级缓存，是optional，通过配置文件可以开启，可以关闭。
//如果不开启二级缓存，两个session查询同一个id的数据，会发送两个SQL语句
//如果开启二级缓存，两个session查询同一个id的数据，会发送一条SQL语句
//通过开启和关闭二级缓存，来查看执行的SQL数目
@Test
public void testSecondLevelCache()
{
//第1次查询，第一个session
Session session1 = sf.openSession();
session1.beginTransaction();
Department dept1 = (Department) session1.get(Department.class, 3);
Set<Employee> emps1 = dept1.getEmps();
System.out.println(dept1);
System.out.println(emps1);
session1.getTransaction().commit();
session1.close();
System.out.println("-------------------------------");
//第2次查询，第二个session
Session session2 = sf.openSession();
session2.beginTransaction();
Department dept2 = (Department) session2.get(Department.class, 3);
Set<Employee> emps2 = dept2.getEmps();
System.out.println(dept2);
System.out.println(emps2);
session2.getTransaction().commit();
session2.close();
}
@Test
public void testQueryCache()
{
// 第1次查询，第一个session
Session session1 = sf.openSession();
session1.beginTransaction();
// HQL查询 【setCacheable 指定从二级缓存找，或者是放入二级缓存】
Query q1 = session1.createQuery("from Department").setCacheable(true);
List<Department> list1 = q1.list();
System.out.println(list1);
session1.getTransaction().commit();
session1.close();
System.out.println("-------------------------------");
// 第2次查询，第二个session
Session session2 = sf.openSession();
session2.beginTransaction();
// HQL查询 【setCacheable 指定从二级缓存找，或者是放入二级缓存】
Query q2 = session2.createQuery("from Department").setCacheable(true);
List<Department> list2 = q2.list();
System.out.println(list2);
session2.getTransaction().commit();
session2.close();
}
}当我们开启二级缓存后，例如在上面的testSecondLevelCache()方法中，第一次从Session读取数据后，会存储在二级缓存上；第二次打开Session，程序再进行相同查询，就不需要再发送SQL语句，因为它会从二级缓存中读取数据。
有一点需要注意：如果二级缓存中没有数据，第一次开启Session读取数据，并调用session.clear()方法，再读取数据，会发送两次SQL语句。
@Test
public void test1()
{
// 第1次查询，第一个session
Session session1 = sf.openSession();
session1.beginTransaction();
Department dept1 = (Department) session1.get(Department.class, 2);
System.out.println(dept1);
System.out.println(dept1.getEmps());
session1.clear();
dept1 = (Department) session1.get(Department.class, 2);
System.out.println(dept1);
System.out.println(dept1.getEmps());
session1.getTransaction().commit();
session1.close();
}结果如下：
Hibernate: select department0_.id as id0_0_, department0_.dept_version as dept2_0_0_, department0_.name as name0_0_ from T_Department department0_ where department0_.id=?
Department [deptId=2, deptName=woqu]
Hibernate: select emps0_.deptId as deptId0_1_, emps0_.id as id1_, emps0_.id as id1_0_, emps0_.emp_version as emp2_1_0_, emps0_.name as name1_0_, emps0_.salary as salary1_0_, emps0_.deptId as deptId1_0_ from T_Employee emps0_ where emps0_.deptId=?
[Employee [empId=3, empName=TO_T_, salary=4]]
Hibernate: select department0_.id as id0_0_, department0_.dept_version as dept2_0_0_, department0_.name as name0_0_ from T_Department department0_ where department0_.id=?
Department [deptId=2, deptName=woqu]
Hibernate: select emps0_.deptId as deptId0_1_, emps0_.id as id1_, emps0_.id as id1_0_, emps0_.emp_version as emp2_1_0_, emps0_.name as name1_0_, emps0_.salary as salary1_0_, emps0_.deptId as deptId1_0_ from T_Employee emps0_ where emps0_.deptId=?
[Employee [empId=3, empName=TO_T_, salary=4]]如果二级缓存中已经存在数据，第二次开启Session，调用session.clear()，再读取数据，并不会发送SQL语句。
@Test
public void test1()
{
Session session2 = sf.openSession();
session2.beginTransaction();
Department dept2 = (Department) session2.get(Department.class, 2);
System.out.println(dept2);
System.out.println(dept2.getEmps());
session2.getTransaction().commit();
session2.close();
System.out.println("-------------------------------");
// 第1次查询，第一个session
Session session1 = sf.openSession();
session1.beginTransaction();
Department dept1 = (Department) session1.get(Department.class, 2);
System.out.println(dept1);
System.out.println(dept1.getEmps());
session1.clear();
dept1 = (Department) session1.get(Department.class, 2);
System.out.println(dept1);
System.out.println(dept1.getEmps());
session1.getTransaction().commit();
session1.close();
System.out.println("-------------------------------");
}结果如下：
Hibernate: select department0_.id as id0_0_, department0_.dept_version as dept2_0_0_, department0_.name as name0_0_ from T_Department department0_ where department0_.id=?
Department [deptId=2, deptName=woqu]
Hibernate: select emps0_.deptId as deptId0_1_, emps0_.id as id1_, emps0_.id as id1_0_, emps0_.emp_version as emp2_1_0_, emps0_.name as name1_0_, emps0_.salary as salary1_0_, emps0_.deptId as deptId1_0_ from T_Employee emps0_ where emps0_.deptId=?
[Employee [empId=3, empName=TO_T_, salary=4]]
-------------------------------
Department [deptId=2, deptName=woqu]
[Employee [empId=3, empName=TO_T_, salary=4]]
Department [deptId=2, deptName=woqu]
[Employee [empId=3, empName=TO_T_, salary=4]]
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