无论谁写的程序,必定会存在bug,解决bug需要我们去调试程序。于是乎,在Python中,就会好几种调试手段,如print、assert、logging、pdb、pdb.set_trace()
一、使用print()函数直接打印
>>> def foo(s):
... n = int(s)
... print(n)
... return 10 / n
...
>>> def main():
... foo('0')
...
>>> main()
0
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "<stdin>", line 2, in main
File "<stdin>", line 4, in foo
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
我们可以在认为可能出错的地方打印变量,但这有很大的弊端,因为打印的代码没有实际功能,都是垃圾信息。而且print最后还得删除,所以第二种方法是用assert替代print
二、使用断言assert
>>> def foo(s):
... n = int(s)
... assert n != 0,'n的值是0!'
... return 10 / n
...
>>> def main():
... foo('0')
...
>>> main()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "<stdin>", line 2, in main
File "<stdin>", line 3, in foo
AssertionError: n的值是0!
assert的意思,当后面的表达式为False时,就会抛出AssertionError,如果为True,什么都不做,直接到下一行。assert有一大特性:在启动python解释器的时候可以使用-O参数来关闭assert(大写的o)
PS E:\Python3.6.3\workspace> python -O err_assert.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "err_assert.py", line 9, in <module>
main()
File "err_assert.py", line 7, in main
foo('0')
File "err_assert.py", line 4, in foo
return 10 / n
ZeroDivisionError: division by zer
三、使用logging
import logging
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
s = '0'
n = int(s)
logging.info('n=%d' % n)
print(10/n)
#执行结果
PS E:\Python3.6.3\workspace> python err_logginginfo.py
INFO:root:n=0
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "err_logginginfo.py", line 6, in <module>
print(10/n)
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
使用logging不会抛出错误,直接输出到文件中。logging可以允许你指定记录信息的级别,级别由低到高分别是debug、info、warning、error、CRITICAL等级别,当定义高级别的时候,低级别的信息不会输出,这是把日志信息输出到控制台console,我们还可以通过设置把日志输出到文件中
四、使用python的调试器pdb
可以让程序以单步方式执行,方便我们随时查看运行状态
新建程序err_pdb.py
s = '0'
n = int(s)
print(10 / n)
然后以pdb模式启动
PS E:\Python3.6.3\workspace> python -m pdb err_pdb.py
> e:\python3.6.3\workspace\err_pdb.py(1)<module>()
-> s = '0'
(Pdb) l
1 -> s = '0'
2 n = int(s)
3 print(10 / n)
[EOF]
(Pdb) n
> e:\python3.6.3\workspace\err_pdb.py(2)<module>()
-> n = int(s)
(Pdb) p s
'0'
(Pdb) p n
*** NameError: name 'n' is not defined
(Pdb) n
> e:\python3.6.3\workspace\err_pdb.py(3)<module>()
-> print(10 / n)
(Pdb) p n
0
(Pdb) p s
'0'
(Pdb) n
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
> e:\python3.6.3\workspace\err_pdb.py(3)<module>()
-> print(10 / n)
(Pdb) n
--Return--
> e:\python3.6.3\workspace\err_pdb.py(3)<module>()->None
-> print(10 / n)
(Pdb) n
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
> <string>(1)<module>()->None
(Pdb) n
--Return--
> <string>(1)<module>()->None
(Pdb) n
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "E:\Python3.6.3\lib\pdb.py", line 1667, in main
pdb._runscript(mainpyfile)
File "E:\Python3.6.3\lib\pdb.py", line 1548, in _runscript
self.run(statement)
File "E:\Python3.6.3\lib\bdb.py", line 431, in run
exec(cmd, globals, locals)
File "<string>", line 1, in <module>
File "e:\python3.6.3\workspace\err_pdb.py", line 3, in <module>
print(10 / n)
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
Uncaught exception. Entering post mortem debugging
Running 'cont' or 'step' will restart the program
> e:\python3.6.3\workspace\err_pdb.py(3)<module>()->None
-> print(10 / n)
(Pdb) q
Post mortem debugger finished. The err_pdb.py will be restarted
> e:\python3.6.3\workspace\err_pdb.py(1)<module>()
-> s = '0'
(Pdb) n
> e:\python3.6.3\workspace\err_pdb.py(2)<module>()
-> n = int(s)
(Pdb) q
PS E:\Python3.6.3\workspace>
小写字母l,可以列出所有要执行的代码;
n 命令表示单步执行代码;
p 后面加上变量名,可以随时查看变量的值;
在pdb模式中,对于还没有单步执行到的代码,相关的变量的变更是无效的;
q 命令退出当前调试,进入重新从头开始调试,再次输入q,就会推出调试程序。
这种方式的调试,有一个弊端,就是只能一步一步的执行下去,如果程序有很多行,岂不是累死。
五、使用pdb.set_trace()
#err_pdb.py
import pdb
s = '0'
n = int(s)
pdb.set_trace() #程序运行到这里会自动停止,等待命令
print(10 / n)
我们可以使用l、c、n、p、q等命令来控制和查看程序
PS E:\Python3.6.3\workspace> python err_pdb.py
> e:\python3.6.3\workspace\err_pdb.py(7)<module>()
-> print(10 / n)
(Pdb) p s
'0'
(Pdb) l
2 import pdb
3
4 s = '0'
5 n = int(s)
6 pdb.set_trace() #程序运行到这里会自动停止,等待命令
7 -> print(10 / n)
[EOF]
(Pdb) n
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
> e:\python3.6.3\workspace\err_pdb.py(7)<module>()
-> print(10 / n)
(Pdb) c
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "err_pdb.py", line 7, in <module>
print(10 / n)
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero