MYSQL表的全面分析
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1、创建表
1.1、创建表基本语法
CREATE TABLE tablename (column_name_1 column_type_1 constraints，column_name_2 column_type_2 constraints ， ……）column_name 是列的名字column_type 是列的数据类型contraints 是这个列的约束条件
1.1.1、创建一张简单的表
mysql> create table orders (ordername varchar(10),createtime date,ordermoney decimal(10,2),ordernumber int(2));Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.23 sec)1.1.2、查看创建表定义
结构化定义：
mysql> desc orders;+-------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+-------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| ordername | varchar(10) | YES | | NULL | || createtime | date | YES | | NULL | || ordermoney | decimal(10,2) | YES | | NULL | || ordernumber | int(2) | YES | | NULL | |+-------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+4 rows in set (0.00 sec)表详细定义：
查看详细的表定义：
mysql> show create table orders \G;*************************** 1. row *************************** Table: ordersCreate Table: CREATE TABLE `orders` ( `ordername` varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL, `createtime` date DEFAULT NULL, `ordermoney` decimal(10,2) DEFAULT NULL, `ordernumber` int(2) DEFAULT NULL) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin11 row in set (0.00 sec)ERROR:No query specified由此可以看到表的 ENGINE（存储引擎）是InnoDB
CHARSET（字符集）是Latin1
“\G”选项的含义是使得记录能够按照字段竖着排列，对于内容比较长的记录更易于显示。
2、删除表
命令：
DROP TABLE tablename删除orders：
mysql> drop table orders -> ;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.14 sec)3、修改表
3.1、修改表类型命令
ALTER TABLE tablename MODIFY [COLUMN] column_definition [FIRST | AFTER col_name]例：修改表 orders 的 name 字段定义，将 varchar(10)改为 varchar(20) ：
mysql> alter table orders modify ordername varchar(20);Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.11 sec)Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> desc orders;+-------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+-------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| ordername | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | || createtime | date | YES | | NULL | || ordermoney | decimal(10,2) | YES | | NULL | || ordernumber | int(2) | YES | | NULL | |+-------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+4 rows in set (0.00 sec)3.2、字段改名命令
ALTER TABLE tablename CHANGE [COLUMN] old_col_name column_definition[FIRST|AFTER col_name]例：表 orders 上将ordernumber修改为ordernumbers
mysql> alter table orders change column ordernumber ordernumbers int(4);Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> desc orders;+--------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+--------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| ordername | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | || createtime | date | YES | | NULL | || ordermoney | decimal(10,2) | YES | | NULL | || ordernumbers | int(4) | YES | | NULL | |+--------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+4 rows in set (0.00 sec)特别说明：change 和 modify 都可以修改表的定义，不同的是 change 后面需要写两次列名，不方便。但是 change 的优点是可以修改列名称，modify 则不能。
3.3、增加表字段命令
ALTER TABLE tablename ADD [COLUMN] column_definition [FIRST | AFTER col_name]例：表 orders 上新增加字段 username，类型为 varchar(3) ：
mysql> alter table orders add column username varchar(30);Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.39 sec)Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> desc orders;+-------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+-------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| ordername | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | || createtime | date | YES | | NULL | || ordermoney | decimal(10,2) | YES | | NULL | || ordernumber | int(2) | YES | | NULL | || username | varchar(30) | YES | | NULL | |+-------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec)3.4、删除表列字段命令
ALTER TABLE tablename DROP [COLUMN] col_name例：表 orders 上删除字段 username：
mysql> alter table orders drop column username;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.53 sec)Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> desc orders;+-------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+-------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| ordername | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | || createtime | date | YES | | NULL | || ordermoney | decimal(10,2) | YES | | NULL | || ordernumber | int(2) | YES | | NULL | |+-------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+4 rows in set (0.00 sec)3.5、表改名命令
ALTER TABLE tablename RENAME [TO] new_tablename例：表 orders 名字改为goodsorders
mysql> alter table orders rename goodsorders;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.16 sec)mysql> desc orders;ERROR 1146 (42S02): Table 'ordermanage.orders' doesn't existmysql> desc goodsorders;+--------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+--------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| ordername | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | || createtime | date | YES | | NULL | || ordermoney | decimal(10,2) | YES | | NULL | || ordernumbers | int(4) | YES | | NULL | |+--------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+4 rows in set (0.00 sec)4、DML 语句
插入（insert）、查询（select）、更新（update）、删除（delete）
4.1、插入记录 命令
INSERT INTO tablename (field1,field2,……fieldn) VALUES(value1,value2,……valuesn);例：表 goodsorders 中插入一条记录，ordername 为zhang，createtime为2021-05-12，ordermoney为100.00,ordernumbers为：1
mysql> insert into goodsorders (ordername,createtime,ordermoney,ordernumbers) values('zhang','2021-05-12',100.00,1);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)也可以省略(field1,field2,……fieldn)这一部分
mysql> insert into goodsorders values('zhang1','2021-05-12',1001.00,11);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)4.2、查看插入数据命令
4.2.1、查询全部
SELECT * FROM tablename [WHERE CONDITION]例：查看goodsorders中所有插入数据
mysql> select * from goodsorders;+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+| ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers |+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+| zhang | 2021-05-12 | 100.00 | 1 || zhang1 | 2021-05-12 | 1001.00 | 11 |+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)其中“*”表示要将所有的记录都选出来
4.2.2、查询不重复记录命令关键字
distinct例：查询非goodsorders中非重复创建时间（createtime）的数据
mysql> select * from goodsorders;+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+| ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers |+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+| zhang | 2021-03-11 | 50.00 | 1 || li | 2020-05-12 | 70.00 | 15 || li | 2020-03-12 | 70.00 | 15 || li | 2020-03-11 | 70.00 | 15 || li | 2021-03-11 | 70.00 | 15 |+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select distinct createtime from goodsorders;+------------+| createtime |+------------+| 2021-03-11 || 2020-05-12 || 2020-03-12 || 2020-03-11 |+------------+4 rows in set (0.00 sec)由此可以看到，将重复的一条时间数据2021-03-11去掉了
4.2.3、多条件查询关键字
where 后面的条件是一个字段的‘='比较，还可以使用>、<、>=、<=、!=等比较运算符；
多个条件之间还可以使用 or、and 等逻辑运算符进行多条件联合查询，
例：查询非goodsorders中 ordername='li'并且createtime为2020-03-11
mysql> select * from goodsorders where ordername='li'and createtime ='2020-03-11';+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+| ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers |+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+| li | 2020-03-11 | 70.00 | 15 |+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)4.2.4、排序查询命名
SELECT * FROM tablename [WHERE CONDITION] [ORDER BY field1 [DESC|ASC] ， field2 [DESC|ASC]，……fieldn [DESC|ASC]]例：把 goodsorders表中的记录按照创建时间高低进行排序显示
mysql> select * from goodsorders order by createtime;+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+| ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers |+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+| li | 2020-03-11 | 70.00 | 15 || li | 2020-03-12 | 70.00 | 15 || li | 2020-05-12 | 70.00 | 15 || zhang | 2021-03-11 | 50.00 | 1 || li | 2021-03-11 | 70.00 | 15 |+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+5 rows in set (0.01 sec)4.2.5、显示一部分，而不是全部，指令
SELECT ……[LIMIT offset_start,row_count]offset_start 表示记录的起始偏移量row_count 表示显示的行数
例如1：显示 goodsorders表中按照 createtiem 排序后的前 3 条记录：
mysql> select * from goodsorders order by createtime limit 3;+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+| ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers |+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+| li | 2020-03-11 | 70.00 | 15 || li | 2020-03-12 | 70.00 | 15 || li | 2020-05-12 | 70.00 | 15 |+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)例如2：如果要显示 goodsorders表中按照 createtiem 排序后 从第二条记录开始，显示3条数据：
mysql> select * from goodsorders order by createtime limit 2,3;+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+| ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers |+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+| li | 2020-05-12 | 70.00 | 15 || zhang | 2021-03-11 | 50.00 | 1 || li | 2021-03-11 | 70.00 | 15 |+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)4.2.6、统计数据，聚合指令
SELECT [field1,field2,……fieldn] fun_name FROM tablename[WHERE where_contition][GROUP BY field1,field2,……fieldn[WITH ROLLUP]][HAVING where_contition]参数说明：
fun_name表示要做的聚合操作，也就是聚合函数，常用的有sum（求和）、count(*)（记录数）、max（最大值）、min（最小值）GROUP BY关键字表示要进行分类聚合的字段，比如要按照部门分类统计员工数量，部门就应该写在groupby 后面。WITH ROLLUP是可选语法，表明是否对分类聚合后的结果进行再汇总。HAVING关键字表示对分类后的结果再进行条件的过滤。
注意：having 和 where 的区别在于 having 是对聚合后的结果进行条件的过滤，而 where 是在聚合前就对记录进行过滤，如果逻辑允许，我们尽可能用 where 先过滤记录，这样因为结果集减小，将对聚合的效率大大提高，最后再根据逻辑看是否用 having 进行再过滤。
例1：查询统计goodsorders表中，记录总数
mysql> select count(1) from goodsorders;+----------+| count(1) |+----------+| 5 |+----------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)例2：在此基础上，按照创建日期（createtime）进行分组统计
mysql> select createtime,count(1) from goodsorders group by createtime;+------------+----------+| createtime | count(1) |+------------+----------+| 2020-03-11 | 1 || 2020-03-12 | 1 || 2020-05-12 | 1 || 2021-03-11 | 2 |+------------+----------+4 rows in set (0.00 sec)例3：在此基础上，既要按照创建日期（cretetime）进行分组统计，又要计算总数
mysql> select createtime,count(1) from goodsorders group by createtime with rollup;+------------+----------+| createtime | count(1) |+------------+----------+| 2020-03-11 | 1 || 2020-03-12 | 1 || 2020-05-12 | 1 || 2021-03-11 | 2 || NULL | 5 |+------------+----------+5 rows in set (0.02 sec)最有一行，null所展示的数字，就是总数
例4：按照创建日期（createtime）进行分组统计，并且数量大于1
mysql> select createtime,count(1) from goodsorders group by createtime having count(1)>1;+------------+----------+| createtime | count(1) |+------------+----------+| 2021-03-11 | 2 |+------------+----------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)例5：查询goodsorders表中，订单金额（ordermoney）的总额、最低额、最高额
mysql> select * from goodsorders;+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+| ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers |+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+| zhang | 2021-03-11 | 50.00 | 1 || li | 2020-05-12 | 70.00 | 15 || li | 2020-03-12 | 70.00 | 15 || li | 2020-03-11 | 70.00 | 15 || li | 2021-03-11 | 70.00 | 15 |+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select sum(ordermoney),max(ordermoney),min(ordermoney) from goodsorders;+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+| sum(ordermoney) | max(ordermoney) | min(ordermoney) |+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+| 330.00 | 70.00 | 50.00 |+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+1 row in set (0.02 sec)4.2.7、表连接
左连接：包含所有的左边表中的记录甚至是右边表中没有和它匹配的记录；关键指令：
left join右连接：包含所有的右边表中的记录甚至是左边表中没有和它匹配的记录；关联指令：
right join
例1：现在我们又创建一张用户表（member）,使用goodorders进行左连接，查询关联的用户表信息
mysql> select * from member;+------+------------+| id | membername |+------+------------+| 15 | zhang || 1 | li || 13 | liss |+------+------------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from goodsorders;+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+| ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers | memberid |+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+| zhang | 2021-03-11 | 50.00 | 1 | 15 || li | 2020-05-12 | 70.00 | 15 | 1 || li | 2020-03-12 | 70.00 | 15 | 1 || li | 2020-03-11 | 70.00 | 15 | 3 || li | 2021-03-11 | 70.00 | 15 | 1 |+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from goodsorders left join member on goodsorders.memberid = member.id;+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+------+------------+| ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers | memberid | id | membername |+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+------+------------+| zhang | 2021-03-11 | 50.00 | 1 | 15 | 15 | zhang || li | 2020-05-12 | 70.00 | 15 | 1 | 1 | li || li | 2020-03-12 | 70.00 | 15 | 1 | 1 | li || li | 2021-03-11 | 70.00 | 15 | 1 | 1 | li || li | 2020-03-11 | 70.00 | 15 | 3 | NULL | NULL |+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+------+------------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec) 例2：member和goodsorders中数据不变，我们再来看一下右连接的查询，以及结果：
mysql> select * from goodsorders right join member on goodsorders.memberid = member.id;+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+------+------------+| ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers | memberid | id | membername |+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+------+------------+| zhang | 2021-03-11 | 50.00 | 1 | 15 | 15 | zhang || li | 2020-05-12 | 70.00 | 15 | 1 | 1 | li || li | 2020-03-12 | 70.00 | 15 | 1 | 1 | li || li | 2021-03-11 | 70.00 | 15 | 1 | 1 | li || NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 13 | liss |+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+------+------------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec)这里发生了翻转，变为左侧goodsorders 表中的一条数据为空了
4.2.8、子查询，相关关键字
主要包括 in、not in、=、!=、exists、not exists 等
例：从goodsorders表中查询所有用户在memeber表中的记录
mysql> select * from member;+------+------------+| id | membername |+------+------------+| 15 | zhang || 1 | li || 13 | liss |+------+------------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from goodsorders;+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+| ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers | memberid |+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+| zhang | 2021-03-11 | 50.00 | 1 | 15 || li | 2020-05-12 | 70.00 | 15 | 1 || li | 2020-03-12 | 70.00 | 15 | 1 || li | 2020-03-11 | 70.00 | 15 | 3 || li | 2021-03-11 | 70.00 | 15 | 1 |+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from goodsorders where memberid in(select id from member);+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+| ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers | memberid |+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+| zhang | 2021-03-11 | 50.00 | 1 | 15 || li | 2020-05-12 | 70.00 | 15 | 1 || li | 2020-03-12 | 70.00 | 15 | 1 || li | 2021-03-11 | 70.00 | 15 | 1 |+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+4 rows in set (0.05 sec)4.2.9、记录联合，指令
SELECT * FROM t1UNION|UNION ALLSELECT * FROM t2……UNION|UNION ALLSELECT * FROM tn;UNION 和 UNION ALL 的主要区别：
UNION ALL 是把结果集直接合并在一起，
UNION 是将UNION ALL 后的结果进行一次 DISTINCT，去除重复记录后的结果。
例1：将member表和goodsorders表中的用户编号id（memberid）的集合显示出来
mysql> select memberid from goodsorders union all select id from member;+----------+| memberid |+----------+| 15 || 1 || 1 || 3 || 1 || 15 || 1 || 13 |+----------+8 rows in set (0.00 sec)例2：如果希望将上面的结果去掉重复记录后显示
mysql> select memberid from goodsorders union select id from member;+----------+| memberid |+----------+| 15 || 1 || 3 || 13 |+----------+4 rows in set (0.00 sec)4.3、更新记录命令
UPDATE tablename SET field1=value1，field2.=value2，……fieldn=valuen [WHERE CONDITION]例：将表 goodsorders 中ordername为zhang的订单金额（ordermoney）改为50
mysql> update goodsorders set ordermoney=50.00 where ordername='zhang';Query OK, 1 row affected (0.09 sec)Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0mysql> select * from goodsorders;+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+| ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers |+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+| zhang | 2021-05-12 | 50.00 | 1 || zhang1 | 2021-05-12 | 1001.00 | 11 |+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)更新时，如遇到错误代码1175：
Error Code: 1175. You are using safe update mode and you tried to update a table without a WHERE that uses a KEY column. To disable safe mode, toggle the option in Preferences
解决方法：
1、先进行状体查询：
show variables like 'SQL_SAFE_UPDATES';
2、执行下面的sql，关闭safe-updates模式：
SET SQL_SAFE_UPDATES = 0;或者
SET SQL_SAFE_UPDATES = false;4.4、删除记录命名
DELETE FROM tablename [WHERE CONDITION]例：将表 goodsorders 中ordername为zhang1的记录全部删除
mysql> delete from goodsorders where ordername = 'zhang1';Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)mysql> select * from goodsorders;+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+| ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers |+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+| zhang | 2021-05-12 | 50.00 | 1 |+-----------+------------+------------+--------------+1 row in set (0.02 sec)4.5、初始化表
例：将表中的所有数据清空
mysql> select * from varc;+------+------+| v | c |+------+------+| abc | abc |+------+------+1 row in set (0.03 sec)mysql> truncate table varc;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.25 sec)mysql> select * from varc;Empty set (0.00 sec)5、DCL 语句
DCL语句主要是为了管理数据库系统中的操作对象权限
5.1创建数据库用户
例：创建一个数据库用户 user1,初始密码为123，具有对 ordermanage 数据库中所有表的 SELECT/INSERT 权限：
mysql> grant select,insert on ordermanage.* to 'user1'@'localhost' identified by '123';Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.06 sec)mysql> exitByeC:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.7\bin>mysql -uuser1 -p123mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.Your MySQL connection id is 82Server version: 5.7.17-log MySQL Community Server (GPL)Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or itsaffiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respectiveowners.Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.mysql> show databases;+--------------------+| Database |+--------------------+| information_schema || ordermanage |+--------------------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)在此基础上，将此用户（user1）的insert权限进行收回
mysql> revoke insert on ordermanage.* from 'user1'@'localhost';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)mysql> exitByeC:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.7\bin>mysql -uuser1 -p123mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.Your MySQL connection id is 84Server version: 5.7.17-log MySQL Community Server (GPL)Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or itsaffiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respectiveowners.Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.mysql> use ordermanage;Database changedmysql> insert into member values('11','ss');ERROR 1142 (42000): INSERT command denied to user 'user1'@'localhost' for table 'member'mysql>由此可以看出插入权限不足，插入失败
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