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Python中进行特征重要性分析的9个常用方法

2023-09-18 19:14

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特征重要性分析用于了解每个特征(变量或输入)对于做出预测的有用性或价值。目标是确定对模型输出影响最大的最重要的特征，它是机器学习中经常使用的一种方法。

为什么特征重要性分析很重要?

如果有一个包含数十个甚至数百个特征的数据集，每个特征都可能对你的机器学习模型的性能有所贡献。但是并不是所有的特征都是一样的。有些可能是冗余的或不相关的，这会增加建模的复杂性并可能导致过拟合。

特征重要性分析可以识别并关注最具信息量的特征，从而带来以下几个优势:

改进的模型性能
减少过度拟合
更快的训练和推理
增强的可解释性

下面我们深入了解在Python中的一些特性重要性分析的方法。

特征重要性分析方法

排列重要性 PermutationImportance

该方法会随机排列每个特征的值，然后监控模型性能下降的程度。如果获得了更大的下降意味着特征更重要

 from sklearn.datasets import load_breast_cancer from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier from sklearn.inspection import permutation_importance  from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split import matplotlib.pyplot as plt  cancer = load_breast_cancer()  X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(cancer.data, cancer.target, random_state=1)  rf = RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=100, random_state=1) rf.fit(X_train, y_train)   baseline = rf.score(X_test, y_test) result = permutation_importance(rf, X_test, y_test, n_repeats=10, random_state=1, scoring='accuracy')  importances = result.importances_mean  # Visualize permutation importances plt.bar(range(len(importances)), importances) plt.xlabel('Feature Index') plt.ylabel('Permutation Importance') plt.show()

内置特征重要性(coef_或feature_importances_)

一些模型，如线性回归和随机森林，可以直接输出特征重要性分数。这些显示了每个特征对最终预测的贡献。

 from sklearn.datasets import load_breast_cancer from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier  X, y = load_breast_cancer(return_X_y=True)  rf = RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=100, random_state=1) rf.fit(X, y)  importances = rf.feature_importances_  # Plot importances plt.bar(range(X.shape[1]), importances) plt.xlabel('Feature Index')  plt.ylabel('Feature Importance') plt.show()

Leave-one-out

迭代地每次删除一个特征并评估准确性。

 from sklearn.datasets import load_breast_cancer from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import numpy as np  # Load sample data X, y = load_breast_cancer(return_X_y=True)  # Split data into train and test sets X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.3, random_state=1)   # Train a random forest model rf = RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=100, random_state=1) rf.fit(X_train, y_train)  # Get baseline accuracy on test data base_acc = accuracy_score(y_test, rf.predict(X_test))  # Initialize empty list to store importances importances = []  # Iterate over all columns and remove one at a time for i in range(X_train.shape[1]):     X_temp = np.delete(X_train, i, axis=1)     rf.fit(X_temp, y_train)     acc = accuracy_score(y_test, rf.predict(np.delete(X_test, i, axis=1)))     importances.append(base_acc - acc)      # Plot importance scores     plt.bar(range(len(importances)), importances) plt.show()

相关性分析

计算各特征与目标变量之间的相关性。相关性越高的特征越重要。

 import pandas as pd from sklearn.datasets import load_breast_cancer  X, y = load_breast_cancer(return_X_y=True) df = pd.DataFrame(X, columns=range(30)) df['y'] = y  correlations = df.corrwith(df.y).abs() correlations.sort_values(ascending=False, inplace=True)  correlations.plot.bar()

递归特征消除 Recursive Feature Elimination

递归地删除特征并查看它如何影响模型性能。删除时会导致更大下降的特征更重要。

 from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier from sklearn.feature_selection import RFE import pandas as pd from sklearn.datasets import load_breast_cancer import matplotlib.pyplot as plt  X, y = load_breast_cancer(return_X_y=True) df = pd.DataFrame(X, columns=range(30)) df['y'] = y  rf = RandomForestClassifier()  rfe = RFE(rf, n_features_to_select=10)  rfe.fit(X, y)  print(rfe.ranking_)

输出为[6 4 11 12 7 11 18 21 8 16 10 3 15 14 19 17 20 13 11 11 12 9 11 5 11]

XGBoost特性重要性

计算一个特性用于跨所有树拆分数据的次数。更多的分裂意味着更重要。

 import xgboost as xgb import pandas as pd from sklearn.datasets import load_breast_cancer import matplotlib.pyplot as plt  X, y = load_breast_cancer(return_X_y=True) df = pd.DataFrame(X, columns=range(30)) df['y'] = y  model = xgb.XGBClassifier() model.fit(X, y)  importances = model.feature_importances_ importances = pd.Series(importances, index=range(X.shape[1]))  importances.plot.bar()

主成分分析 PCA

对特征进行主成分分析，并查看每个主成分的解释方差比。在前几个组件上具有较高负载的特性更为重要。

 from sklearn.decomposition import PCA import pandas as pd from sklearn.datasets import load_breast_cancer import matplotlib.pyplot as plt  X, y = load_breast_cancer(return_X_y=True) df = pd.DataFrame(X, columns=range(30)) df['y'] = y  pca = PCA() pca.fit(X)  plt.bar(range(pca.n_components_), pca.explained_variance_ratio_)  plt.xlabel('PCA components') plt.ylabel('Explained Variance')

方差分析 ANOVA

使用f_classif()获得每个特征的方差分析f值。f值越高，表明特征与目标的相关性越强。

 from sklearn.feature_selection import f_classif import pandas as pd from sklearn.datasets import load_breast_cancer import matplotlib.pyplot as plt  X, y = load_breast_cancer(return_X_y=True) df = pd.DataFrame(X, columns=range(30)) df['y'] = y  fval = f_classif(X, y) fval = pd.Series(fval[0], index=range(X.shape[1])) fval.plot.bar()

卡方检验

使用chi2()获得每个特征的卡方统计信息。得分越高的特征越有可能独立于目标。

 from sklearn.feature_selection import chi2 import pandas as pd from sklearn.datasets import load_breast_cancer import matplotlib.pyplot as plt  X, y = load_breast_cancer(return_X_y=True) df = pd.DataFrame(X, columns=range(30)) df['y'] = y  chi_scores = chi2(X, y) chi_scores = pd.Series(chi_scores[0], index=range(X.shape[1])) chi_scores.plot.bar()