MySQL执行计划中的各个参数及含义指的是什么
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查看执行计划
可以使用explain + SQL或者desc + SQL
1、使用explain查看执行计划
mysql> explain select * from employee;
+----+-------------+----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | employee | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 8 | 100.00 | NULL |
+----+-------------+----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.01 sec)
2、使用desc查看执行计划
mysql> desc select * from employee;
+----+-------------+----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | employee | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 8 | 100.00 | NULL |
+----+-------------+----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
一、ID
select查询的序列号;包含一组数字,表示查询中执行select子句或操作表的顺序。
id的值分为三种情况:
id完全相同;
id完全不同;
id部分相同部分不相同。
1、id完全相同
对三个表进行关联
EXPLAIN
SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEE E
,DEPARTMENT D
,CUSTOMER C
WHERE E.DEP_ID = D.ID
AND E.CUS_ID = C.ID;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+---------------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+---------------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **1** | SIMPLE | C | NULL | ALL | PRIMARY | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1 | 100.00 | NULL |
| 1 | SIMPLE | E | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 8 | 12.50 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
| 1 | SIMPLE | D | NULL | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | demo.E.dep_id | 1 | 100.00 | NULL |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+---------------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
3 rows in set, 1 warning (0.01 sec)
可以看到id这一列的数据都是相同的,都是1,执行顺序由上到下(先扫描c,在扫描e,最后扫描d)。
2、id完全不同
使用嵌套子查询
EXPLAIN
SELECT *
FROM DEPARTMENT
WHERE ID = (SELECT ID
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE ID = (SELECT ID FROM CUSTOMER WHERE ID = 1));
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | DEPARTMENT | NULL | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL |
| 2 | SUBQUERY | EMPLOYEE | NULL | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | Using index |
| 3 | SUBQUERY | CUSTOMER | NULL | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | Using index |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
3 rows in set, 1 warning (0.01 sec)
id为1、2、3,如果是子查询,id的序号会递增,id值越大优先级越高,优先被执行。
3、id部分相同部分不相同
使用子查询作为表
EXPLAIN
SELECT *
FROM DEPARTMENT D
,(SELECT DEP_ID FROM EMPLOYEE GROUP BY DEP_ID) E
WHERE D.ID = E.DEP_ID;
+----+-------------+------------+------------+------+---------------+-------------+---------+-----------+------+----------+-----------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+------+---------------+-------------+---------+-----------+------+----------+-----------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | D | NULL | ALL | PRIMARY | NULL | NULL | NULL | 5 | 100.00 | NULL |
| 1 | PRIMARY | <derived2> | NULL | ref | <auto_key0> | <auto_key0> | 5 | demo.D.id | 2 | 100.00 | Using index |
| 2 | DERIVED | EMPLOYEE | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 8 | 100.00 | Using temporary |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+------+---------------+-------------+---------+-----------+------+----------+-----------------+
3 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
id部分相同,部分不相同。可以认为是一组,(id=1为一组,id=2为另一组)从上往下顺序执行;在所有组中,id值越大,优先级越高,越先执行;先执行完2组,然后执行1组,1组内,相同的依然是从上到下的执行顺序。
最终的执行顺序:
①id = 2先执行
②id = 1的组内的第一行先执行(d)
③id = 1的组内的第二行最后执行(<derived2>)
对于ID字段来说,相同的值则遵循从上往下的执行顺序;不同值时遵循大的先执行。
二、select_type
查询类型,主要用于区别普通查询,联合查询,子查询等复杂查询
SIMPLE、 PRIMARY、SUBQUERY、DERIVED、UNION、UNION RESULT(DEPENDENT SUBQUERY、DEPENDENT UNION)
1、SIMPLE简单查询
简单select查询,查询中不包含子查询或者UNION。
对employee进行查询
EXPLAIN
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE;
+----+-------------+----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | EMPLOYEE | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 8 | 100.00 | NULL |
+----+-------------+----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
类型为simple,只对一个单表进行查询。
2、PRIMARY外层查询
查询中若包含任何复杂的子查询,最外层查询则被标记为primary。
EXPLAIN
SELECT *
FROM DEPARTMENT
WHERE ID = (SELECT ID
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE ID = (SELECT ID FROM CUSTOMER WHERE ID = 1));
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | DEPARTMENT | NULL | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL |
| 2 | SUBQUERY | EMPLOYEE | NULL | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | Using index |
| 3 | SUBQUERY | CUSTOMER | NULL | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | Using index |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
3 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
Id=1的select_type为primary,对表department进行扫描,并且该查询是最外层查询,所以被标记为primary。
3、SUBQUERY子查询
3.1、SUBQUERY不依赖于外部查询
在select或where中包含了子查询,子查询中的第一个select查询,不依赖于外部查询结果。
EXPLAIN
SELECT *
FROM DEPARTMENT
WHERE ID = (SELECT ID
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE ID = (SELECT ID FROM CUSTOMER WHERE ID = 1));
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | DEPARTMENT | NULL | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL |
| 2 | SUBQUERY | EMPLOYEE | NULL | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | Using index |
| 3 | SUBQUERY | CUSTOMER | NULL | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | Using index |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
3 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
Id = 2 和id = 3的类型为subquery,是一个子查询,被标记为subquery,并且由于该子查询不依赖与外部的查询结果,所以只显示subquery。
3.2、SUBQUERY依赖于外部查询
子查询的内容依赖与外部查询的内容,最明显的标量子查询。
EXPLAIN
SELECT ID
,(SELECT DEP_ID FROM EMPLOYEE E WHERE E.ID = D.ID) DEP_ID
FROM DEPARTMENT D;
+----+--------------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+--------------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | D | NULL | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 5 | 100.00 | Using index |
| 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | E | NULL | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | demo.D.id | 1 | 100.00 | NULL |
+----+--------------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------+------+----------+-------------+
2 rows in set, 2 warnings (0.00 sec)
select中的子查询依赖与外部查询d表的结果,所以id = 2是子查询,并且是依赖于外部查询的子查询,被标记为DEPENDENT SUBQUERY。
4、DERIVED衍生表(临时表)
在from列表中包含的子查询被标记为derived(衍生),把结果放在临时表当中。
EXPLAIN
SELECT *
FROM DEPARTMENT D
,(SELECT DEP_ID FROM EMPLOYEE GROUP BY DEP_ID) E
WHERE D.ID = E.DEP_ID;
+----+-------------+------------+------------+------+---------------+-------------+---------+-----------+------+----------+-----------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+------+---------------+-------------+---------+-----------+------+----------+-----------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | D | NULL | ALL | PRIMARY | NULL | NULL | NULL | 5 | 100.00 | NULL |
| 1 | PRIMARY | <derived2> | NULL | ref | <auto_key0> | <auto_key0> | 5 | demo.D.id | 2 | 100.00 | Using index |
| 2 | DERIVED | EMPLOYEE | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 8 | 100.00 | Using temporary |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+------+---------------+-------------+---------+-----------+------+----------+-----------------+
3 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
从id=2可以看到,先执行2,从table可以发现,被扫描的表是employee,是子查询的表,该子查询的结果被放在一个临时表里,被标记为DERIVED。
5、UNION
5.1、UNION不依赖于外部查询
若第二个select出现在union之后,则被标记为union,并且是不依赖于外部查询。
EXPLAIN
SELECT ID FROM EMPLOYEE UNION SELECT ID FROM DEPARTMENT;
+----+--------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+--------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | EMPLOYEE | NULL | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 8 | 100.00 | Using index |
| 2 | UNION | DEPARTMENT | NULL | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 5 | 100.00 | Using index |
| NULL | UNION RESULT | <union1,2> | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | Using temporary |
+----+--------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
3 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
该查询是由两个单独的select进行的union,不存在子查询,所以直接把id=2的类型标记为UNION,并且第一个的select会被默认的标记为primary,之后用来union的select都会在该select之前执行。
5.2、UNION依赖于外部查询
若第二个select出现在union之后,则被标记为union,并且是依赖于外部查询。
EXPLAIN
SELECT ID
,NAME
FROM CUSTOMER
WHERE ID IN (SELECT ID FROM EMPLOYEE UNION SELECT ID FROM DEPARTMENT);
+----+--------------------+------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+--------------------+------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | CUSTOMER | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1 | 100.00 | Using where |
| 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | EMPLOYEE | NULL | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | func | 1 | 100.00 | Using index |
| 3 | DEPENDENT UNION | DEPARTMENT | NULL | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | func | 1 | 100.00 | Using index |
| NULL | UNION RESULT | <union2,3> | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | Using temporary |
+----+--------------------+------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
4 rows in set, 1 warning (0.01 sec)
还是和上面一样,emp表和dep表进行了union操作,不过现在放在了子查询里,现在的结果集和外面的查询的结果集有了联系。先执行的id=3为department表,并且该查询在union后面, 由于与外部查询有联系,所以被标记为DEPENDENT UNION;第二步执行的是id= 2的表employee,该部分是一个子查询部分,并且和外部查询有联系,所以是一个依赖子查询,标记为DEPENDENT SUBQUERY;最后执行的是id=1部分,最外层的查询,被标记为primary。
5.3、UNION在from子句
若union包含在from子句的子查询中,外层select将被标记为deriver(deriver表必须有别名),如果没有别名将会报错。
不写别名,会报错:
EXPLAIN
SELECT *
FROM (SELECT ID
,NAME
FROM EMPLOYEE
UNION
SELECT ID
,DEPTNAME
FROM DEPARTMENT);
ERROR 1248 (42000): Every derived table must have its own alias
正确写法,写上别名:
EXPLAIN
SELECT *
FROM (SELECT ID
,NAME
FROM EMPLOYEE
UNION
SELECT ID
,DEPTNAME
FROM DEPARTMENT) T;
+----+--------------+------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+--------------+------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | <derived2> | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 13 | 100.00 | NULL |
| 2 | DERIVED | EMPLOYEE | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 8 | 100.00 | NULL |
| 3 | UNION | DEPARTMENT | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 5 | 100.00 | NULL |
| NULL | UNION RESULT | <union2,3> | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | Using temporary |
+----+--------------+------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
4 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
和上面略有不同,现在是把union的子查询直接放在了from里面当作一个表,而不是根据一个表的字段去in或者exists连接,此时执行计划将会有所不同。
第一点:select * from (select * from b)的写法,必须给括号里的内容起一个别名,如果没有别名,将会报错“1248 - Every derived table must have its own alias”。
第二点:在使用这种写法时,会把括号里的查询生成一个衍生表(临时表),标记为DERIVED,进一步分析子查询,首先执行的是id=3的department表,因为在union 后面,所以对应该表的操作的select_type被标记为union;其次执行的是id=2的employee表,此处被标记为DERIVED;最后执行id=3,并且最外层是select * from (),被标记为primary,外部查询,而且由于是查询括号里的衍生表的记录,所以扫描的表是该衍生表deriverd2。
6、UNION RESULT
从union表获取结果select;两个UNION合并的结果集在最后。
若第二个select出现在union之后,则被标记为union,并且是不依赖于外部查询。
EXPLAIN
SELECT ID FROM EMPLOYEE UNION SELECT ID FROM DEPARTMENT;
+----+--------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+--------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | EMPLOYEE | NULL | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 8 | 100.00 | Using index |
| 2 | UNION | DEPARTMENT | NULL | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 5 | 100.00 | Using index |
| NULL | UNION RESULT | <union1,2> | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | Using temporary |
+----+--------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
3 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
该查询是由两个单独的select进行的union,不存在子查询,先执行的id=2,对department进行扫描,在对employee表进行扫描,然后把这两个单独查询结果集进行合并,使用UNION RESULT表示union操作的合并的步骤,并且union是需要对两部分的数据进行排序然后在进行合并,所以只有当存在排序之后的合并才会有UNION RESULT。
7、UNION ALL
7.1、UNION ALL不依赖于外部查询
若第二个select出现在union之后,则被标记为union,并且是不依赖于外部查询。
EXPLAIN
SELECT ID FROM EMPLOYEE UNION ALL SELECT ID FROM DEPARTMENT;
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | EMPLOYEE | NULL | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 8 | 100.00 | Using index |
| 2 | UNION | DEPARTMENT | NULL | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 5 | 100.00 | Using index |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
该查询是由两个单独的select进行的union,不存在子查询,所以直接把id=2的类型标记为UNION,并且第一个的select会被默认的标记为primary,之后用来union的select都会在该select之前执行。Id部分和select_type部分与union时候一致,唯独少了最后的UNION RESULT,该部分是因为要对两部分的数据排序在合并才会产生,而union all不需要排序,只需要把两部分内容合并就可以,所以不会有UNION RESULT。
7.2、UNION ALL依赖于外部查询
若第二个select出现在union之后,则被标记为union,并且是依赖于外部查询。
EXPLAIN
SELECT ID
,NAME
FROM CUSTOMER
WHERE ID IN (SELECT ID FROM EMPLOYEE UNION ALL SELECT ID FROM DEPARTMENT);
+----+--------------------+------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+--------------------+------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | CUSTOMER | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1 | 100.00 | Using where |
| 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | EMPLOYEE | NULL | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | func | 1 | 100.00 | Using index |
| 3 | DEPENDENT UNION | DEPARTMENT | NULL | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | func | 1 | 100.00 | Using index |
+----+--------------------+------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
3 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
还是和UNION一样, 只不过少了UNION RESULT部分。
7.3、UNION ALL在from子句
若union all包含在from子句的子查询中,外层select将被标记为deriver(deriver表必须有别名),如果没有别名将会报错。
不写别名,会报错:
EXPLAIN
SELECT *
FROM (SELECT ID
,NAME
FROM EMPLOYEE
UNION
SELECT ID
,DEPTNAME
FROM DEPARTMENT);
ERROR 1248 (42000): Every derived table must have its own alias
正确写法:
EXPLAIN
SELECT *
FROM (SELECT ID
,NAME
FROM EMPLOYEE
UNION
SELECT ID
,DEPTNAME
FROM DEPARTMENT) T;
+----+--------------+------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+--------------+------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | <derived2> | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 13 | 100.00 | NULL |
| 2 | DERIVED | EMPLOYEE | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 8 | 100.00 | NULL |
| 3 | UNION | DEPARTMENT | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 5 | 100.00 | NULL |
| NULL | UNION RESULT | <union2,3> | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | Using temporary |
+----+--------------+------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
4 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
和union一样,不过少了UNION RESULT部分。
上述就是小编为大家分享的MySQL执行计划中的各个参数及含义指的是什么了,如果刚好有类似的疑惑,不妨参照上述分析进行理解。如果想知道更多相关知识,欢迎关注亿速云行业资讯频道。
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