Python - 笔记1

• 常量为了和变量做区分，全部采用大写字母，之间用下划线连接。
• 静态方法：可以直接用类名来调用的方法，不需要创建对象，不会隐式的传送self。
• 根据面向对象的设计原则，应该将对象的职责封装到类的代码内部，尽量简化调用一方的代码调用。

1.1 方法的分类

实例方法
定义：第一个参数必须是实例对象，该参数名一般约定为“self”，通过它来传递实例的属性和方法（也可以传类的属性和方法）；
调用：只能由实例对象调用。

类方法

定义：使用装饰器@classmethod。第一个参数必须是当前类对象，该参数名一般约定为“cls”，通过它来传递类的属性和方法（不能传实例的属性和方法）；
调用：实例对象和类对象都可以调用。

静态方法

定义：使用装饰器@staticmethod。参数随意，没有“self”和“cls”参数，但是方法体中不能使用类或实例的任何属性和方法；
调用：实例对象和类对象都可以调用。

备注：MAC 安装pygame报错

liangkai@ttys000 $ pip install pygame
Collecting pygame
  Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/b2/6b/c510f0853765eb2219ca5aa3d416d65bb0dea7cd9bb2984aea0a0e04c24d/pygame-1.9.4.tar.gz
Building wheels for collected packages: pygame
  Running setup.py bdist_wheel for pygame ... error
  Complete output from command /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/bin/python3 -u -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='/private/var/folders/1t/l_shx33n0911n3673wmdkl980000gr/T/pip-install-l6ap1uos/pygame/setup.py';f=getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('\r\n', '\n');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, 'exec'))" bdist_wheel -d /private/var/folders/1t/l_shx33n0911n3673wmdkl980000gr/T/pip-wheel-7s7vp6w0 --python-tag cp35:
...............
building 'pygame.sdlmain_osx' extension
    /usr/bin/clang -fno-strict-aliasing -Wsign-compare -fno-common -dynamic -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O3 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -arch i386 -arch x86_64 -g -Ddarwin -D_THREAD_SAFE -DENABLE_NEWBUF=1 -I/usr/X11R6/include -I/usr/local/include/SDL -I/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/include/python3.5m -c class="lazy" data-src/sdlmain_osx.m -o build/temp.macosx-10.6-intel-3.5/class="lazy" data-src/sdlmain_osx.o
    In file included from class="lazy" data-src/sdlmain_osx.m:24:
    /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX10.14.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Carbon.framework/Headers/Carbon.h:34:10: fatal error: 'CarbonSound/CarbonSound.h' file not found
    #include <CarbonSound/CarbonSound.h>
             ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    1 error generated.
    ---
    For help with compilation see:
        https://www.pygame.org/wiki/MacCompile
    To contribute to pygame development see:
        https://www.pygame.org/contribute.html
    ---
    error: command '/usr/bin/clang' failed with exit status 1

    ----------------------------------------
Command "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/bin/python3 -u -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='/private/var/folders/1t/l_shx33n0911n3673wmdkl980000gr/T/pip-install-l6ap1uos/pygame/setup.py';f=getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('\r\n', '\n');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, 'exec'))" install --record /private/var/folders/1t/l_shx33n0911n3673wmdkl980000gr/T/pip-record-f5kt4tgo/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile" failed with error code 1 in /private/var/folders/1t/l_shx33n0911n3673wmdkl980000gr/T/pip-install-l6ap1uos/pygame/

解决方法：

pip install pygame==1.9.2