MySQL索引失效后隐式转换的问题这么解决
MySQL索引失效后隐式转换的问题这么解决,针对这个问题,这篇文章详细介绍了相对应的分析和解答,希望可以帮助更多想解决这个问题的小伙伴找到更简单易行的方法。
常见索引失效:
条件索引字段"不干净":函数操作、运算操作
隐式类型转换:字符串转数值;其他类型转换
隐式字符编码转换:按字符编码数据长度大的方向转换,避免数据截取
一、常见索引失效场景
root@test 10:50 > show create table t_num\G*************************** 1. row *************************** Table: t_numCreate Table: CREATE TABLE `t_num` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `c1` int(11) NOT NULL, `c2` varchar(11) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`), KEY `ix_c1` (`c1`)) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=6 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4root@test 10:51 > select * from t_num;+----+----+----+| id | c1 | c2 |+----+----+----+| 1 | -2 | -2 || 2 | -1 | -1 || 3 | 0 | 0 || 4 | 1 | 1 || 5 | 2 | 2 |+----+----+----+# 在c1字段上加上索引root@test 10:52 > alter table t_num add index ix_c1(c1);# 标准使用情况下,索引有效root@test 10:55 > explain select * from t_num where c1 = -1;+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+| 1 | SIMPLE | t_num | NULL | ref | ix_c1 | ix_c1 | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL |+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
1、条件字段函数操作
# 在where中c1上加上abs()绝对值函数,可以看到type=ALL,全表扫描,在Server层进行绝对值处理后进行比较root@test 10:58 > explain select * from t_num where abs(c1) = 1;+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | t_num | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 5 | 100.00 | Using where |+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
如上,对索引字段做函数操作,即where条件列上不干净时,可能会破坏索引值的有序性(按照c1的值有序组织索引树),因此优化器就决定放弃走索引树搜索功能。
但是,条件字段函数操作下,也并非完全的走全表扫描,优化器并非完全的放弃该字段索引。
# 选择查询的数据,只有id和c1字段,可以看到type=index,使用到了ix_c1索引root@test 10:59 > explain select id,c1 from t_num where abs(c1) = 1;+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | t_num | NULL | index | NULL | ix_c1 | 4 | NULL | 5 | 100.00 | Using where; Using index |+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+
如上,由于ix_c1索引树是根节点c1和叶子节点id构造的,虽然因为c1上的函数操作导致放弃索引定位,但优化器可以选择遍历该索引树,使用覆盖索引(Using index),无需回表,将所需的id和c1数据返回Server层后进行后续的abs()和where过滤。
2、条件字段运算操作
# where条件里,对c1进行运算操作root@test 11:03 > explain select * from t_num where c1 + 1 = 2;+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | t_num | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 5 | 100.00 | Using where |+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
如上,虽然“+1”的操作并没有破坏c1索引的有序性,但优化器仍然没有使用该索引快速定位。因此,等号左边,注意优化掉索引字段上的运算操作。
3、隐式类型转换
# 在c2字段上加上索引root@test 12:30 > alter table t_num add index ix_c2(c2);# 标准使用情况下(注:c2是varchar类型的),索引有效root@test 12:30 > explain select * from t_num where c2 = "2";+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+| 1 | SIMPLE | t_num | NULL | ref | ix_c2 | ix_c2 | 42 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL |+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+# 去掉等号右边值的引号,即字符串和数值进行比较,索引失效root@test 12:30 > explain select * from t_num where c2 = 2;+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | t_num | NULL | ALL | ix_c2 | NULL | NULL | NULL | 5 | 20.00 | Using where |+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
如上,c2字段是varchar类型,是字符串和数值的比较,此时,MySQL是将字符串转换成数字,即此处的c2被CAST(c2 AS signed int),这就相当于对条件字段做了函数操作,优化器放弃走树索引定位。
4、隐式字符编码转换
# 创建一个t_cou表,表结构基本和前面的t_num相同,唯一不同的设置是表字符集CHARSET=utf8root@test 14:02 > show create table t_cou\G*************************** 1. row *************************** Table: t_couCreate Table: CREATE TABLE `t_cou` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `c1` int(11) NOT NULL, `c2` varchar(10) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`), KEY `ix_c1` (`c1`), KEY `ix_c2` (`c2`)) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=1 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8root@test 14:02 > insert into t_cou select * from t_num;# join表,t_num和t_cou通过c2字段进行关联查询root@test 14:03 > select n.* from t_num n -> join t_cou c -> on n.c2 = c.c2 -> where n.c1 = 1;+----+----+----+| id | c1 | c2 |+----+----+----+| 4 | 1 | 1 |+----+----+----+root@test 14:23 > explain select n.* from t_num n join t_cou c on n.c2 = c.c2 where c.c1 = 1;+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------+| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | c | NULL | ref | ix_c1 | ix_c1 | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL || 1 | SIMPLE | n | NULL | ref | ix_c2 | ix_c2 | 42 | func | 1 | 100.00 | Using index condition |+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------+# 执行计划分析:# 1.操作的c表,使用了ix_c1定位到一行数据# 2.从c表定位到的行数据,拿到c2字段去操作n表,t_cou称为驱动表,t_num称为被驱动表# 3.ref=func说明使用了函数操作,指的是n.c2=CONVERT(c.c2 USING utf8mb4)# 4.同时Using index condition,ix_c2读取查询时,使用被下推的条件过滤,满足条件的才回表root@test 14:23 > explain select n.* from t_num n join t_cou c on n.c2 = c.c2 where n.c1 = 1;+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | n | NULL | ref | ix_c1,ix_c2 | ix_c1 | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL || 1 | SIMPLE | c | NULL | index | NULL | ix_c2 | 32 | NULL | 5 | 100.00 | Using where; Using index; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+# 执行计划分析:# 1.操作的n表,使用了ix_c1定位到一行数据# 2.从n表定位到的行数据,拿到c2字段去操作c表,t_num称为驱动表,t_cou称为被驱动表# 3.同样的n.c2=c.c2,会将c.c2的字符集进行转换,即被驱动表的索引字段上加函数操作,索引失效# 4.BNL,表join时,驱动表数据读入join buffer,被驱动表连接字段无索引则全表扫,每取一行和join buffer数据对比判断,作为结果集返回
如上,分别对t_num、 t_cou作为驱动表和被驱动表的执行计划分析,总结:
utf8mb4和utf8两种不同字符集(编码)类型的字符串在做比较时,MySQL会先把 utf8 字符串转成 utf8mb4 字符集,再做比较。为什么?字符集 utf8mb4 是 utf8 的超集,再做隐式自动类型转换时,为了避免数据在转换过程中由于截断导致数据错误,会“按数据长度增加的方向”进行转换。
表连接过程中,被驱动表的索引字段上加函数操作,会导致对被驱动表做全表扫描。
优化手法:
修改统一join字段的字符集
对驱动表下手,将连接字段的字符集转换成被驱动表连接字段的字符集
root@test 18:09 > explain select n.* from t_num n join t_cou c on convert(n.c2 using utf8) = c.c2 where n.c1 = 1;+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | n | NULL | ref | ix_c1 | ix_c1 | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL || 1 | SIMPLE | c | NULL | ref | ix_c2 | ix_c2 | 32 | func | 1 | 100.00 | Using where; Using index |+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+
二、类型转换
1、字符串转整型
# 字符开头的一律为0root@test 18:44 > select convert("abc", unsigned integer);+----------------------------------+| convert("abc", unsigned integer) |+----------------------------------+| 0 |+----------------------------------+# 'abc' = 0是成立的,因此查询时等号右边使用对应的类型很重要,0匹配出字段字符开头数据,'0'只匹配0root@test 18:44 > select 'abc' = 0;+-----------+| 'abc' = 0 |+-----------+| 1 |+-----------+# 数字开头的,直接截取到第一个不是字符的位置root@test 18:45 > select convert("123abc", unsigned integer);+-------------------------------------+| convert("123abc", unsigned integer) |+-------------------------------------+| 123 |+-------------------------------------+
2、时间类型转换
root@test 19:11 > show create table time_demo\G*************************** 1. row *************************** Table: time_demoCreate Table: CREATE TABLE `time_demo` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `c1` datetime DEFAULT NULL, `c2` date DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`), KEY `ix_c1` (`c1`)) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=5 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4root@test 19:15 > select count(*) from time_demo;+----------+| count(*) |+----------+| 11 |+----------+root@test 19:16 > select * from time_demo limit 4;+----+---------------------+------------+| id | c1 | c2 |+----+---------------------+------------+| 1 | 2022-01-08 00:01:01 | 2022-01-08 || 2 | 2022-01-06 23:01:01 | 2022-01-06 || 3 | 2022-01-06 00:00:00 | 2022-01-06 || 4 | 2022-01-08 00:00:00 | 2022-01-08 |+----+---------------------+------------+# 1.date转datetime:末尾追加 00:00:00root@test 19:11 > select * from time_demo where c1 between "2022-01-06" and "2022-01-08";+----+---------------------+------------+| id | c1 | c2 |+----+---------------------+------------+| 2 | 2022-01-06 23:01:01 | 2022-01-06 || 3 | 2022-01-06 00:00:00 | 2022-01-06 || 4 | 2022-01-08 00:00:00 | 2022-01-08 |+----+---------------------+------------+# 结果分析:c1是datetime类型,进行比较时,between and中的date类型会转换成datetime# 即 where c1 between "2022-01-06 00:00:00" and "2022-01-08 00:00:00";# 同 where c1 >= "2022-01-06 00:00:00" and c1 <= "2022-01-08 00:00:00";root@test 19:42 > explain select * from time_demo where c1 between "2022-01-06" and "2022-01-08";+----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |+----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | time_demo | NULL | range | ix_c1 | ix_c1 | 6 | NULL | 3 | 100.00 | Using index condition |+----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+# 格式化date转datetimeroot@test 19:23 > select date_format("2022-01-08","%Y-%m-%d %H:%i:%s");+-----------------------------------------------+| date_format("2022-01-08","%Y-%m-%d %H:%i:%s") |+-----------------------------------------------+| 2022-01-06 00:00:00 |+-----------------------------------------------+# 2.datetime转date:直接截取date部分root@test 19:47 > select date(c1) from time_demo limit 1;+------------+| date(c1) |+------------+| 2022-01-06 |+------------+# 3.date转time,没有意义,直接变成 00:00:00
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