Spring创建bean实例的几种方式分享
前言
Spring常见的创建bean实例的方式有:
1.通过bean的class属性创建实例
- 无参构造器
- 带参构造器
2.工厂方法
- 静态工厂方法
- 实例工厂方法
3.工厂bean
关于每种方式的Spring配置,详见文末总结。
环境
- Ubuntu 22.04
- IntelliJ IDEA 2022.1.3
- JDK 17.0.3
- Spring 5.3.21 准备
创建Maven项目 test0705
。
修改 pom.xml 文件,添加依赖:
......
<!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/junit/junit -->
<dependency>
<groupId>junit</groupId>
<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
<version>4.13.2</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.springframework/spring-webmvc -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
<version>5.3.21</version>
</dependency>
......
在 class="lazy" data-src/main/resources
目录下创建 applicationContext.xml
文件:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
</beans>
在 class="lazy" data-src/test/java
目录下创建测试:
public class Test0705 {
}
通过bean的class属性创建实例(无参构造器)
注:这是最常见的创建bean的方式。我其它文档也用过相似代码。如果已熟悉可直接略过。
创建如下POJO:
Axe
:Axe接口;StoneAxe
:Axe实现类;SteelAxe
:Axe实现类;Person
:Person持有Axe;
package pojo;
public interface Axe {
public void chop();
}
package pojo;
public class StoneAxe implements Axe{
public StoneAxe() {
System.out.println("StoneAxe constructor");
}
@Override
public void chop() {
System.out.println("Stone axe!");
}
}
package pojo;
public class SteelAxe implements Axe{
public SteelAxe() {
System.out.println("SteelAxe constructor");
}
@Override
public void chop() {
System.out.println("Steel axe!");
}
}
package pojo;
public class Person {
private String name;
private Axe axe;
public void setAxe(Axe axe) {
this.axe = axe;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public Person() {
System.out.println("Person constructor");
}
public void useAxe() {
System.out.println("I am " + name);
axe.chop();
}
}
在 applicationContext.xml
中注册bean:
......
<bean id="stoneAxe" class="pojo.StoneAxe"/>
<bean id="steelAxe" class="pojo.SteelAxe"/>
<bean id="person" class="pojo.Person">
<property name="name" value="Tom"/>
<property name="axe" ref="stoneAxe"/>
</bean>
......
创建测试用例:
@Test
public void test1() {
var ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
System.out.println("before getBean person");
var person = ctx.getBean("person", Person.class);
person.useAxe();
}
运行测试,如下:
StoneAxe constructor
SteelAxe constructor
Person constructor
before getBean person
I am Tom
Stone axe!
通过bean的class属性创建实例(带参构造器)
注:这是较为常见的创建bean的方式。我其它文档也用过相似代码。如果已熟悉可直接略过。
创建如下POJO:
Book
:Book接口;PlayBook
:Book实现类;StudyBook
:Book实现类;Student
:Student持有Book;
package pojo;
public interface Book {
public void show();
}
package pojo;
public class PlayBook implements Book{
public PlayBook() {
System.out.println("PlayBook constructor");
}
@Override
public void show() {
System.out.println("Play book!");
}
}
package pojo;
public class StudyBook implements Book{
public StudyBook() {
System.out.println("StudyBook constructor");
}
@Override
public void show() {
System.out.println("Study book!");
}
}
package pojo;
public class Student {
private String name;
private Book book;
public Student(String name, Book book) {
System.out.println("Student constructor");
this.name = name;
this.book = book;
}
public void readBook() {
System.out.println("I am " + name);
book.show();
}
}
在 applicationContext.xml
中注册bean:
......
<bean id="playBook" class="pojo.PlayBook"/>
<bean id="studyBook" class="pojo.StudyBook"/>
<bean id="student" class="pojo.Student">
<constructor-arg index="0" value="Jerry"/>
<constructor-arg index="1" ref="playBook"/>
</bean>
......
创建测试用例:
@Test
public void test2() {
var ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
System.out.println("before getBean student");
var student = ctx.getBean("student", Student.class);
student.readBook();
}
运行测试,如下:
......
PlayBook constructor
StudyBook constructor
Student constructor
before getBean student
I am Jerry
Play book!
工厂方法(静态工厂方法)
配置:
class
属性指向静态工厂类factory-method
属性指向静态工厂方法
注:如果静态工厂方法需要参数,则通过 constructor-arg
来指定。
例如:
<bean id="dog" class="factory.AnimalFactory" factory-method="getAnimal">
<constructor-arg value="dog"/>
<property name="name" value="Snoopy"/>
</bean>
当调用 ctx.getBean("dog")
时,Spring会调用 AnimalFactory
类的静态方法 getAnimal()
,并传入参数 "dog"
,创建一个Animal的实例并返回。
注:同普通的bean一样,其默认scope是 singleton
,多次调用 ctx.getBean("dog")
返回的是同一个实例(在Spring初始化时生产bean)。
完整例子如下:
创建如下POJO:
Animal
:Animal接口;Dog
:Animal实现类;Cat
:Animal实现类;
package pojo;
public interface Animal {
public void cry();
}
package pojo;
public class Dog implements Animal{
private String name;
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public Dog() {
System.out.println("Dog constructor");
}
@Override
public void cry() {
System.out.println("I am " + name);
System.out.println("Wang wang...");
}
}
package pojo;
public class Cat implements Animal{
private String name;
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public Cat() {
System.out.println("Cat constructor");
}
@Override
public void cry() {
System.out.println("I am " + name);
System.out.println("Miao Miao...");
}
}
创建工厂类 AnimalFactory
:
package factory;
import pojo.Animal;
import pojo.Cat;
import pojo.Dog;
public class AnimalFactory {
public static Animal getAnimal(String type) {
System.out.println("creating new Animal object");
if (type.equalsIgnoreCase("dog")) {
return new Dog();
} else if (type.equalsIgnoreCase("cat")) {
return new Cat();
} else {
return null;
}
}
}
在 applicationContext.xml
中注册bean:
<bean id="dog" class="factory.AnimalFactory" factory-method="getAnimal">
<constructor-arg value="dog"/>
<property name="name" value="Snoopy"/>
</bean>
<bean id="cat" class="factory.AnimalFactory" factory-method="getAnimal">
<constructor-arg value="cat"/>
<property name="name" value="Kitty"/>
</bean>
创建测试用例:
@Test
public void test3() {
var ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
System.out.println("before getBean dog cat");
var animal1 = ctx.getBean("dog", Animal.class);
animal1.cry();
var animal2 = ctx.getBean("cat", Animal.class);
animal2.cry();
}
运行测试,如下:
creating new Animal object
Dog constructor
creating new Animal object
Cat constructor
before getBean dog cat
I am Snoopy
Wang wang...
I am Kitty
Miao Miao...
工厂方法(实例工厂方法)
实例工厂方法跟静态工厂方法很相像,主要区别是:
- 静态工厂方法:不用实例化工厂,只需直接调用工厂类的静态工厂方法;
- 实例工厂方法:工厂方法不是静态的,因此需要通过
factory-bean
来指定工厂类的实例。
比如:
<bean id="fruitFactory" class="factory.FruitFactory"/>
<bean id="apple" factory-bean="fruitFactory" factory-method="getFruit">
<constructor-arg value="apple"/>
<property name="name" value="Fuji"/>
</bean>
其它都一样。
完整例子如下:
创建如下POJO:
Fruit
:Fruit接口;Apple
:Fruit实现类;Banana
:Fruit实现类;
package pojo;
public interface Fruit {
public void describe();
}
package pojo;
public class Apple implements Fruit {
private String name;
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public Apple() {
System.out.println("Apple constructor");
}
@Override
public void describe() {
System.out.println("I am " + name);
System.out.println("Juicy!");
}
}
package pojo;
public class Banana implements Fruit {
private String name;
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public Banana() {
System.out.println("Banana constructor");
}
@Override
public void describe() {
System.out.println("I am " + name);
System.out.println("Sweet!");
}
}
创建工厂类 FruitFactory
:
package factory;
import pojo.Apple;
import pojo.Banana;
import pojo.Fruit;
public class FruitFactory {
public Fruit getFruit(String type) {
System.out.println("creating new Fruit object");
if (type.equalsIgnoreCase("apple")) {
return new Apple();
} else if (type.equalsIgnoreCase("banana")) {
return new Banana();
} else {
return null;
}
}
}
在 applicationContext.xml
中注册bean:
......
<bean id="fruitFactory" class="factory.FruitFactory"/>
<bean id="apple" factory-bean="fruitFactory" factory-method="getFruit">
<constructor-arg value="apple"/>
<property name="name" value="Fuji"/>
</bean>
<bean id="banana" factory-bean="fruitFactory" factory-method="getFruit">
<constructor-arg value="banana"/>
<property name="name" value="Pisang"/>
</bean>
......
创建测试用例:
@Test
public void test4() {
var ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
System.out.println("before getBean apple banana");
var fruit1 = ctx.getBean("apple", Fruit.class);
fruit1.describe();
var fruit2 = ctx.getBean("banana", Fruit.class);
fruit2.describe();
}
运行测试,如下:
creating new Fruit object
Apple constructor
creating new Fruit object
Banana constructor
before getBean apple banana
I am Fuji
Juicy!
I am Pisang
Sweet!
工厂bean
工厂bean是指实现了 FactoryBean
接口的类。
FactoryBean
接口有3个方法:
T getObject() throws
:创建产品实例;Class<?> getObjectType()
:获取产品的类;default boolean isSingleton() {return true;}
:是否单例,默认值为true;
实现 FactoryBean
接口,则无需再配置 factory-method
,Spring知道如何创建产品(通过 getObject()
方法)。
比如:
<bean id="benz" class="factory.CarFactoryBean">
<property name="type" value="benz"/>
</bean>
注意:该配置看起来很像普通的bean,实际上因为 CarFactoryBean
实现了 FactoryBean
接口,当调用 ctx.getBean("benz")
方法时,返回的并不是 CarFactoryBean
的实例,而是其 getObject()
方法的返回值。
注:默认scope是 singleton
,多次调用 ctx.getBean("dog")
返回的是同一个实例。如果在 CarFactoryBean
中override isSingleton()
方法并返回false,则每次调用ctx.getBean("benz")
返回的是不同对象。
注:工厂bean跟其它bean有一点不同,即使是singleton,它也不是在Spring初始化时生产bean,而是在第一次调用 ctx.getBean()
时才生产bean。
完整例子如下:
创建如下POJO:
Car
:Car接口;Benz
:Car实现类;Audi
:Car实现类;
package pojo;
public interface Car {
public void run();
}
package pojo;
public class Benz implements Car{
public Benz() {
System.out.println("Benz constructor");
}
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println("Go go go!");
}
}
package pojo;
public class Audi implements Car{
public Audi() {
System.out.println("Audi constructor");
}
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println("OOOO");
}
}
创建工厂类 FactoryBean
:
package factory;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.FactoryBean;
import pojo.Audi;
import pojo.Benz;
import pojo.Car;
public class CarFactoryBean implements FactoryBean {
private String type;
public void setType(String type) {
this.type = type;
}
@Override
public Object getObject() throws Exception {
System.out.println("creating new Car object");
if (type.equalsIgnoreCase("benz")) {
return new Benz();
} else if (type.equalsIgnoreCase("audi")) {
return new Audi();
} else return null;
}
@Override
public Class<?> getObjectType() {
return Car.class;
}
}
在 applicationContext.xml
中注册bean:
......
<bean id="benz" class="factory.CarFactoryBean">
<property name="type" value="benz"/>
</bean>
<bean id="audi" class="factory.CarFactoryBean">
<property name="type" value="audi"/>
</bean>
......
创建测试用例:
@Test
public void test5() {
var ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
System.out.println("before getBean benz audi");
var car1 = ctx.getBean("benz", Car.class);
car1.run();
var car2 = ctx.getBean("audi", Car.class);
car2.run();
}
运行测试,如下:
before getBean benz audi
creating new Car object
Benz constructor
Go go go!
creating new Car object
Audi constructor
OOOO
总结
......
<!-- 通过bean的class属性创建bean实例(无参构造器) -->
<bean id="stoneAxe" class="pojo.StoneAxe"/>
<bean id="steelAxe" class="pojo.SteelAxe"/>
<bean id="person" class="pojo.Person">
<property name="name" value="Tom"/>
<property name="axe" ref="stoneAxe"/>
</bean>
<!-- 通过bean的class属性创建bean实例(带参构造器) -->
<bean id="playBook" class="pojo.PlayBook"/>
<bean id="studyBook" class="pojo.StudyBook"/>
<bean id="student" class="pojo.Student">
<constructor-arg index="0" value="Jerry"/>
<constructor-arg index="1" ref="playBook"/>
</bean>
<!-- 通过静态工厂方法创建bean实例 -->
<bean id="dog" class="factory.AnimalFactory" factory-method="getAnimal">
<constructor-arg value="dog"/>
<property name="name" value="Snoopy"/>
</bean>
<bean id="cat" class="factory.AnimalFactory" factory-method="getAnimal">
<constructor-arg value="cat"/>
<property name="name" value="Kitty"/>
</bean>
<!-- 通过实例工厂方法创建bean实例 -->
<bean id="fruitFactory" class="factory.FruitFactory"/>
<bean id="apple" factory-bean="fruitFactory" factory-method="getFruit">
<constructor-arg value="apple"/>
<property name="name" value="Fuji"/>
</bean>
<bean id="banana" factory-bean="fruitFactory" factory-method="getFruit">
<constructor-arg value="banana"/>
<property name="name" value="Pisang"/>
</bean>
<!-- 通过工厂bean创建bean实例 -->
<bean id="benz" class="factory.CarFactoryBean">
<property name="type" value="benz"/>
</bean>
<bean id="audi" class="factory.CarFactoryBean">
<property name="type" value="audi"/>
</bean>
......
此外,有几点说明:
使用工厂bean来管理的bean,即使scope是 singleton
,也并不是在Spring初始化时生产对象的,而是在第一次调用 ctx.getBean()
方法时生产的。
Spring整合MyBatis,使用了 SqlSessionFactoryBean
、 MapperFactoryBean
,这两个就是工厂bean,它们实现了 FactoryBean
接口。前者生产 SqlSessionFactory
,后者生产 Mapper
。比如:
<!-- sqlSessionFactory -->
<bean id="sqlSessionFactory" class="org.mybatis.spring.SqlSessionFactoryBean">
<property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource" />
<!-- <property name="configLocation" value="classpath:mybatis-config.xml"/>-->
<property name="mapperLocations" value="classpath:dao/*.xml"/>
<property name="transactionFactory">
<bean class="org.apache.ibatis.transaction.managed.ManagedTransactionFactory" />
</property>
</bean>
<bean id="myMapper" class="org.mybatis.spring.mapper.MapperFactoryBean">
<property name="mapperInterface" value="dao.MyMapper" />
<property name="sqlSessionFactory" ref="sqlSessionFactory" />
</bean>
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