Java代码中4种字符串拼接方式分析
本文研讨的字符串拼接方式为以下4种:“+”号、StringBuilder、StringJoiner、String#join,对比分析及探讨最佳实践。
结论
后面内容比较枯燥,所以先说结论:
- 本文研讨的字符串拼接方式为以下4种:“+”号、StringBuilder、StringJoiner、String#join
- 在简单的字符串拼接场景中「如:"a" + "b" + "c"」,以上四种方式性能无明显差异。
- 在循环字符串拼接的场景下,使用“+”号性能最低,其他三种方式性能也无明显差异,但是根据验证结果可粗浅发现,指定初始容量的StringBuilder效率最高。当然不光考虑性能,也要考虑垃圾回收效率的问题,避免OOM。
- 本文最后补充对比了StringBuffer,在无争抢共享资源的场景下,StringBuffer性能并未明显变差。
最佳实践
- 阿里巴巴Java开发手册-日志规约「5」可进行优化:使用占位符的形式可读性、便捷性不佳,可考虑使用Lambda,延迟字符串的拼接,且使用更加便利。
- 阿里巴巴Java开发手册-OOP 规约「23」可进行优化:循环拼接时须使用StringBuilder;在拼接大量的大容量字符串时,使用StringBuilder尽量指定初始容量。
- 简单的字符串拼接可用任意方式,推荐直接使用“+”号拼接,可读性最优。
- 尽量使用JDK等直接提供的特性「如“+”号拼接字符串,Synchronized关键词等」,因为编译器+JVM会持续对此进行优化,JDK升级即可获得更大的收益。除非有明确的理由可以自行实现类似的功能。
- 在需要考虑线程安全的场景可以考虑使用StringBuffer进行字符串拼接,不过一般来说没有这种需求,故不应该使用StringBuffer,避免增加复杂性。
分析过程
环境
- 系统: windows 10 21H1
- JDK: OpenJDK 1.8.0_302
分析用示例代码:
@Slf4j
public class StringConcat {
@SneakyThrows
public static void main(String[] args) {
log.info("java虚拟机预热开始");
String[] strs = new String[6000000];
for (int i = 0; i < strs.length; i++) {
strs[i] = id();
}
loopStringJoiner(strs);
loopStringJoin(strs);
loopStringBuilder(strs);
log.info("java虚拟机预热结束");
Thread.sleep(1000);
log.info("开始测试:");
Thread.sleep(1000);
Stopwatch stopwatchLoopPlus = Stopwatch.createStarted();
// loopPlus(strs);
log.info("loop-plus: " + stopwatchLoopPlus.elapsed(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
Thread.sleep(1000);
Stopwatch stopwatchLoopStringBuilderCapacity = Stopwatch.createStarted();
loopStringBuilderCapacity(strs);
log.info("loop-stringBuilderCapacity: " + stopwatchLoopStringBuilderCapacity.elapsed(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
Thread.sleep(1000);
Stopwatch stopwatchLoopStringBuilder = Stopwatch.createStarted();
loopStringBuilder(strs);
log.info("loop-stringBuilder: " + stopwatchLoopStringBuilder.elapsed(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
Thread.sleep(1000);
Stopwatch stopwatchLoopJoin = Stopwatch.createStarted();
loopStringJoin(strs);
log.info("loop-String.join: " + stopwatchLoopJoin.elapsed(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
Thread.sleep(1000);
Stopwatch stopwatchLoopStringJoiner = Stopwatch.createStarted();
loopStringJoiner(strs);
log.info("loop-stringJoiner: " + stopwatchLoopStringJoiner.elapsed(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
Thread.sleep(1000);
Stopwatch stopwatchSimplePlus = Stopwatch.createStarted();
for (int i = 0; i < 500000; i++) {
simplePlus(id(), id(), id());
}
log.info("simple-Plus: " + stopwatchSimplePlus.elapsed(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
Thread.sleep(1000);
Stopwatch stopwatchSimpleStringBuilder = Stopwatch.createStarted();
for (int i = 0; i < 500000; i++) {
simpleStringBuilder(id(), id(), id());
}
log.info("simple-StringBuilder: " + stopwatchSimpleStringBuilder.elapsed(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
Thread.sleep(1000);
Stopwatch stopwatchSimpleStringBuffer = Stopwatch.createStarted();
for (int i = 0; i < 500000; i++) {
simpleStringBuffer(id(), id(), id());
}
log.info("simple-StringBuffer: " + stopwatchSimpleStringBuffer.elapsed(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
}
private static String loopPlus(String[] strs) {
String str = "";
for (String s : strs) {
str = str + "+" + s;
}
return str;
}
private static String loopStringBuilder(String[] strs) {
StringBuilder str = new StringBuilder();
for (String s : strs) {
str.append("+");
str.append(s);
}
return str.toString();
}
private static String loopStringBuilderCapacity(String[] strs) {
StringBuilder str = new StringBuilder(strs[0].length() * strs.length);
for (String s : strs) {
str.append("+");
str.append(s);
}
return str.toString();
}
private static String loopStringJoin(String[] strs) {
StringJoiner joiner = new StringJoiner("+");
for (String str : strs) {
joiner.add(str);
}
return joiner.toString();
}
private static String loopStringJoiner(String[] strs) {
return String.join("+", strs);
}
private static String simplePlus(String a, String b, String c) {
return a + "+" + b + "+" + c;
}
private static String simpleStringBuilder(String a, String b, String c) {
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
builder.append(a);
builder.append("+");
builder.append(b);
builder.append("+");
builder.append(c);
return builder.toString();
}
private static String simpleStringBuffer(String a, String b, String c) {
StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer();
buffer.append(a);
buffer.append("+");
buffer.append(b);
buffer.append("+");
buffer.append(c);
return buffer.toString();
}
private static String id() {
return UUID.randomUUID().toString();
}
}
结果及总结
- java虚拟机预热开始
- java虚拟机预热结束
- 开始测试:
- loop-plus: 执行超时
- loop-stringBuilderCapacity: 285
- loop-stringBuilder: 1968
- loop-String.join: 1313
- loop-stringJoiner: 1238
- simple-Plus: 812
- simple-StringBuilder: 840
- simple-StringBuffer: 857
- 多次测试,可发现在字符串循环拼接场景下,直接使用“+”号性能最低,有初始容量的StringBuilder性能最高,其他方式性能均没有太大差异。
- 多次测试,可发现在字符串简单拼接场景下,使用“+”号、StringBuilder、StringBuffer性能差距在5%左右,可理解为测试误差,可认为三种方式性能一致。
代码及结果分析
1. StringBuilder与StringBuffer对比
在无争抢共享资源的场景下,JVM会使用偏向锁等方法优化,甚至会进行锁消除,使用Synchronized关键词与否,性能并无明显差异。
2. 字节码分析
对比上述#simplePlus和#simpleStringBuilder两个方法的字节码,可明显看到两方法执行内容基本一致,但是直接使用"+"号时处理流程更短,可见编译器进行了深度优化,使用优化后的字节码理论上会有更高的性能:
// access flags 0xA
private static simplePlus(Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/String;
// parameter a
// parameter b
// parameter c
L0
LINENUMBER 125 L0
NEW java/lang/StringBuilder
DUP
INVOKESPECIAL java/lang/StringBuilder.<init> ()V
ALOAD 0
INVOKEVIRTUAL java/lang/StringBuilder.append (Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
LDC "+"
INVOKEVIRTUAL java/lang/StringBuilder.append (Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
ALOAD 1
INVOKEVIRTUAL java/lang/StringBuilder.append (Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
LDC "+"
INVOKEVIRTUAL java/lang/StringBuilder.append (Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
ALOAD 2
INVOKEVIRTUAL java/lang/StringBuilder.append (Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
INVOKEVIRTUAL java/lang/StringBuilder.toString ()Ljava/lang/String;
ARETURN
L1
LOCALVARIABLE a Ljava/lang/String; L0 L1 0
LOCALVARIABLE b Ljava/lang/String; L0 L1 1
LOCALVARIABLE c Ljava/lang/String; L0 L1 2
MAXSTACK = 2
MAXLOCALS = 3
// access flags 0xA
private static simpleStringBuilder(Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/String;
// parameter a
// parameter b
// parameter c
L0
LINENUMBER 129 L0
NEW java/lang/StringBuilder
DUP
INVOKESPECIAL java/lang/StringBuilder.<init> ()V
ASTORE 3
L1
LINENUMBER 130 L1
ALOAD 3
ALOAD 0
INVOKEVIRTUAL java/lang/StringBuilder.append (Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
POP
L2
LINENUMBER 131 L2
ALOAD 3
LDC "+"
INVOKEVIRTUAL java/lang/StringBuilder.append (Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
POP
L3
LINENUMBER 132 L3
ALOAD 3
ALOAD 1
INVOKEVIRTUAL java/lang/StringBuilder.append (Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
POP
L4
LINENUMBER 133 L4
ALOAD 3
LDC "+"
INVOKEVIRTUAL java/lang/StringBuilder.append (Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
POP
L5
LINENUMBER 134 L5
ALOAD 3
ALOAD 2
INVOKEVIRTUAL java/lang/StringBuilder.append (Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
POP
L6
LINENUMBER 135 L6
ALOAD 3
INVOKEVIRTUAL java/lang/StringBuilder.toString ()Ljava/lang/String;
ARETURN
L7
LOCALVARIABLE a Ljava/lang/String; L0 L7 0
LOCALVARIABLE b Ljava/lang/String; L0 L7 1
LOCALVARIABLE c Ljava/lang/String; L0 L7 2
LOCALVARIABLE builder Ljava/lang/StringBuilder; L1 L7 3
MAXSTACK = 2
MAXLOCALS = 4
到此这篇关于Java代码中4种字符串拼接方式分析的文章就介绍到这了,更多相关Java 字符串拼接内容请搜索编程网以前的文章或继续浏览下面的相关文章希望大家以后多多支持编程网!
免责声明:
① 本站未注明“稿件来源”的信息均来自网络整理。其文字、图片和音视频稿件的所属权归原作者所有。本站收集整理出于非商业性的教育和科研之目的,并不意味着本站赞同其观点或证实其内容的真实性。仅作为临时的测试数据,供内部测试之用。本站并未授权任何人以任何方式主动获取本站任何信息。
② 本站未注明“稿件来源”的临时测试数据将在测试完成后最终做删除处理。有问题或投稿请发送至: 邮箱/279061341@qq.com QQ/279061341