MySQL 8.0新特性--CTE Recurive(二)
短信预约 -IT技能 免费直播动态提醒
上一篇介绍了CTE的基本用法,参考MySQL 8.0新特性--CTE(一),本篇再来介绍一下CTE Recurive递归。
1、什么是CTE Recurive?
A recursive common table expression is one having a subquery that refers to its own name.
个人理解:在CTE定义中调用先前定义的CTE,并且在查询的时候,循环调用CTE.
例如:
mysql> WITH RECURSIVE cte (n) AS
-> (
-> SELECT 1
-> UNION ALL
-> SELECT n + 1 FROM cte WHERE n < 5
-> )
-> SELECT * FROM cte;
+------+
| n |
+------+
| 1 |
| 2 |
| 3 |
| 4 |
| 5 |
+------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
注意字符串长度:
mysql> WITH RECURSIVE cte AS
-> (
-> SELECT 1 AS n, 'abc' AS str
-> UNION ALL
-> SELECT n + 1, CONCAT(str, str) FROM cte WHERE n < 3
-> )
-> SELECT * FROM cte;
ERROR 1406 (22001): Data too long for column 'str' at row 1
mysql> WITH RECURSIVE cte AS
-> (
-> SELECT 1 AS n, CAST('abc' AS CHAR(20)) AS str
-> UNION ALL
-> SELECT n + 1, CONCAT(str, str) FROM cte WHERE n < 3
-> )
-> SELECT * FROM cte;
+------+--------------+
| n | str |
+------+--------------+
| 1 | abc |
| 2 | abcabc |
| 3 | abcabcabcabc |
+------+--------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2、CTE Recurive递归中的参数限制
(1)cte_max_recursion_depth 控制调用递归的次数,默认1000次
例如:
当调用cte为1001次的时候,查询报错
mysql> WITH RECURSIVE cte (n) AS
-> (
-> SELECT 1
-> UNION ALL
-> SELECT n + 1 FROM cte where n<1001
-> )
-> SELECT * FROM cte;
ERROR 3636 (HY000): Recursive query aborted after 1001 iterations. Try increasing @@cte_max_recursion_depth to a larger value.
(2)max_execution_time 强制会话超时时间,默认0,表示没有开启此功能,单位ms.
例如:
把参数设置为5s,执行超时并报错:
mysql> SET max_execution_time = 5000; #5s
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select s.* from salaries s where s.emp_no in (select emp_no from employees e where e.first_name='Georgi' union all select emp_no from employees e where e.hire_date='1992-12-18');
ERROR 3024 (HY000): Query execution was interrupted, maximum statement execution time exceeded
把参数设置为50s,执行成功:
SET max_execution_time = 50000;
mysql> select s.* from salaries s where s.emp_no in (select emp_no from employees e where e.first_name='Georgi' union all select emp_no from employees e where e.hire_date='1992-12-18');
2718 rows in set (21.70 sec)
3、CTE Recurive递归的几个经典示例
(1)斐波纳契数列问题
mysql> WITH RECURSIVE fibonacci (n, fib_n, next_fib_n) AS
-> (
-> SELECT 1, 0, 1
-> UNION ALL
-> SELECT n + 1, next_fib_n, fib_n + next_fib_n
-> FROM fibonacci WHERE n < 10
-> )
-> SELECT * FROM fibonacci;
+------+-------+------------+
| n | fib_n | next_fib_n |
+------+-------+------------+
| 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2 | 1 | 1 |
| 3 | 1 | 2 |
| 4 | 2 | 3 |
| 5 | 3 | 5 |
| 6 | 5 | 8 |
| 7 | 8 | 13 |
| 8 | 13 | 21 |
| 9 | 21 | 34 |
| 10 | 34 | 55 |
+------+-------+------------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
(2)连续日期问题
mysql> WITH RECURSIVE dates (date) AS
(
SELECT MIN(date) FROM sales
UNION ALL
SELECT date + INTERVAL 1 DAY FROM dates
WHERE date + INTERVAL 1 DAY <= (SELECT MAX(date) FROM sales)
)
SELECT * FROM dates;
+------------+
| date |
+------------+
| 2017-01-03 |
| 2017-01-04 |
| 2017-01-05 |
| 2017-01-06 |
| 2017-01-07 |
| 2017-01-08 |
| 2017-01-09 |
| 2017-01-10 |
+------------+
mysql> WITH RECURSIVE dates (date) AS
(
SELECT MIN(date) FROM sales
UNION ALL
SELECT date + INTERVAL 1 DAY FROM dates
WHERE date + INTERVAL 1 DAY <= (SELECT MAX(date) FROM sales)
)
SELECT dates.date, COALESCE(SUM(price), 0) AS sum_price
FROM dates LEFT JOIN sales ON dates.date = sales.date
GROUP BY dates.date
ORDER BY dates.date;
+------------+-----------+
| date | sum_price |
+------------+-----------+
| 2017-01-03 | 300.00 |
| 2017-01-04 | 0.00 |
| 2017-01-05 | 0.00 |
| 2017-01-06 | 50.00 |
| 2017-01-07 | 0.00 |
| 2017-01-08 | 180.00 |
| 2017-01-09 | 0.00 |
| 2017-01-10 | 5.00 |
+------------+-----------+
(3)分层数据遍历问题
mysql> CREATE TABLE employees (
-> id INT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,
-> name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
-> manager_id INT NULL,
-> INDEX (manager_id),
-> FOREIGN KEY (manager_id) REFERENCES EMPLOYEES (id)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.44 sec)
mysql> INSERT INTO employees VALUES
-> (333, "Yasmina", NULL), # Yasmina is the CEO (manager_id is NULL)
-> (198, "John", 333), # John has ID 198 and reports to 333 (Yasmina)
-> (692, "Tarek", 333),
-> (29, "Pedro", 198),
-> (4610, "Sarah", 29),
-> (72, "Pierre", 29),
-> (123, "Adil", 692);
Query OK, 7 rows affected (0.09 sec)
Records: 7 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> SELECT * FROM employees ORDER BY id;
+------+---------+------------+
| id | name | manager_id |
+------+---------+------------+
| 29 | Pedro | 198 |
| 72 | Pierre | 29 |
| 123 | Adil | 692 |
| 198 | John | 333 |
| 333 | Yasmina | NULL |
| 692 | Tarek | 333 |
| 4610 | Sarah | 29 |
+------+---------+------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> WITH RECURSIVE employee_paths (id, name, path) AS
-> (
-> SELECT id, name, CAST(id AS CHAR(200))
-> FROM employees
-> WHERE manager_id IS NULL
-> UNION ALL
-> SELECT e.id, e.name, CONCAT(ep.path, ',', e.id)
-> FROM employee_paths AS ep JOIN employees AS e
-> ON ep.id = e.manager_id
-> )
-> SELECT * FROM employee_paths ORDER BY path;
+------+---------+-----------------+
| id | name | path |
+------+---------+-----------------+
| 333 | Yasmina | 333 |
| 198 | John | 333,198 |
| 29 | Pedro | 333,198,29 |
| 4610 | Sarah | 333,198,29,4610 |
| 72 | Pierre | 333,198,29,72 |
| 692 | Tarek | 333,692 |
| 123 | Adil | 333,692,123 |
+------+---------+-----------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
参考链接
13.2.13 WITH Syntax (Common Table Expressions)
免责声明:
① 本站未注明“稿件来源”的信息均来自网络整理。其文字、图片和音视频稿件的所属权归原作者所有。本站收集整理出于非商业性的教育和科研之目的,并不意味着本站赞同其观点或证实其内容的真实性。仅作为临时的测试数据,供内部测试之用。本站并未授权任何人以任何方式主动获取本站任何信息。
② 本站未注明“稿件来源”的临时测试数据将在测试完成后最终做删除处理。有问题或投稿请发送至: 邮箱/279061341@qq.com QQ/279061341